Figure 5

List of possible observations (O), their respective inferences on model parameters (I) and sampling strategy to make further inferences on model parameters (S) based on three possible Wolbachia-invasion outcomes: (1) fixed at 100%; (2) stable coexistence of Wolbachia-infected and uninfected; and (3) infection extinction. We were interested in identifying whether certain parameters, particularly the maternal transmission leakage rate (μ), incompatible hatch rate (H) and immigration rate (m), differed from 0 based on observations of infection-associated haplotype frequencies at some time, t, in uninfected, β_U,t and infected, β_I,t individuals. β_U,0 and β_I,0 specify frequencies at time t=0, before introduction of Wolbachia-infected individuals. For scenarios where parameters are listed as ‘≥0’ or not mentioned, inference was not possible. We also included inferences on paternal transmission of Wolbachia rate (ξ), but this only applies when there is negligible paternal transmission of mitochondria. Stable infection frequency is denoted by p_t=p_t+k.