Table 1 Comparison of the molecular markers available in A. albopictus
Type of marker | Markers/primers name | Locus in genome | Recommended usage | Comment/advice | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allozymes | G-3-pdh,Ldh,Hbdh,Mdh-1,Mdh-2,Mdhp-1,Mdhp-2,Idh-1,Idh-2,6-Pgdh,Sod-1,Aat-1,Hk-1,Adk-1,Acph,Aco-1,Aco-2,Gpi, Pgm, Pks-1, Pks-2, Pgi-1,Mez-1, Got-1, Got-2, Fum-1, Est-1, Aks-2, Aox-1 and Agk-2 | 30 | Population structure | Investigation of breeding structure | Black et al., 1988a; Black et al., 1988b; Kambhampati et al., 1991; Urbanelli et al., 2000; Chareonviriyaphap et al., 2004 |
Discriminate populations at the worldwide scale | |||||
RAPD | G06, G08, G09, G10, OPA11, OPAB01, OPB04, OPC15, OPM11, OPS01 and OPS10 | 188 | Strongly discouraged | Strongly discouraged because of the reproducibility issues with RAPD (Jones et al., 1997; Perez et al., 1998; Isabel et al., 1999) | Mutebi et al., 1997; Ayres and Romão, 2002; Gupta and Preet, 2014 |
mtDNA | COI, ND5 and Cytb | 3 | Phylogeography | Most surveys discovered few haplotypes separated by short evolutionary distances | Birungi and Munstermann, 2002; Mousson et al., 2005; Usmani-Brown, 2009; Žitko et al., 2011; Kamgang et al., 2011; Delatte et al., 2011; Porretta et al., 2012; Bebee et al, 2013; Shaikevich and Talbalaghi, 2013; Zhong et al., 2013; Zawani et al., 2014 |
COI (longer) | 1 | Phylogeography/population structure | Highly polymorphic with hundreds of haplotypes identified both in native and colonized areas. We would recommend for the use of COI, using the PCR primers from Zhong et al. (2013), which encompasses a large (1433 bp) sequence that contains the portions used in most of the published studies | Porreta et al., 2012; Zhong et al., 2013; Ismail et al., 2015 | |
rDNA | ITS2 | — | Phylogeography/population structure | High polymorphism and codominant data | Higa et al., 2010; Shaikevich and Talbalaghi, 2013; Manni et al., 2015 |
ITS2 is multi copied, thus genotyping needs several cloning and sequencing runs, and some intra-individual variation should be expected and taken into account | |||||
EPIC | RpS8, RpS9, RPS12b, Rps16, RpS20b, RpS27A, RpL30a and RpL30b | 8 | Phylogeography/population structure | Not used yet | |
Microsatellites | AealbA9, AealbB51, AealbB52, AealbB6, AealbD2 and AealbF3 AEDC, 34–72, alb212 and alb222 Alb-di-4, Alb-di-6, Alb-tri-3, Alb-tri-6, Alb-tri-18, Alb-tri-20, Alb-tri-21, Alb-tri-25, Alb-tri-33, Alb-tri-41, Alb-tri44, Alb-tri-45 and Alb-tri-46 | Allow intra-population discrimination of genetic membership. Genetic clustering, genetic variance partition among and within sampling sites, and landscape genetics | |||
Aealbmic1, Aealbmic2, Aealbmic3, Aealbmic4, Aealbmic5, Aealbmic6, Aealbmic7, Aealbmic8, Aealbmic9, Aealbmic10, Aealbmic11, Aealbmic12, Aealbmic13, Aealbmic14, Aealbmic15, Aealbmic16, Aealbmic17, Aealbmic18, Aealbmic19, Aealbmic20, Aealbmic21, Aealbmic22 and Aealbmic23 | 54 | Population structure/landscape genetics/kinship | With French and Vietnamese populations, we do not recommend AealbB6, AealbD2, AealbF3, and alb212 (stuttering-like profile) and 34–72 (null allele fixation) (Minard, personal communication) | ||
Ap1, Ap2, Ap3, Ap5 and AC2 |
