Table 1 Comparison between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. General characteristics

From: Abnormalities in ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hypertensive patients with diabetes

Variable

Patients with diabetes

Patients without diabetes

Significance a

Basic characteristics

 Number

12 600

55 445

 

 Age (years)

63.8±11.5

57.3±14.1

<0.001

 Male subjects (%)

55.4

52.6

<0.001

 Duration of hypertension (years)

7.20±8.01

5.57±6.84

<0.001

 BMI (kg m−2)

30.1±4.92

28.6±4.52

<0.001

 Overweight, BMI 25 to <30 kg m−2 (%)

40.6

46.2

<0.001

 Obesity, BMI ⩾30 kg m−2 (%)

47.0

33.3

<0.001

 Fasting glucose (mg dl−1)

142.4±43.2

97.2±14.2

<0.001

Accompanying risk factors b

 Family with premature vascular disease (%)

13.3

12.6

0.045

 Smoking (%)

14.2

17.3

<0.001

 Dyslipidaemia (%)

59.3

33.2

<0.001

 Abdominal obesity (%)

52.0

39.3

<0.001

Target organ damage b

 Any manifestation of subclinical damage (%)

25.0

10.9

<0.001

Established vascular disease b

 Coronary heart disease (%)

11.3

4.6

<0.001

 Cerebrovascular disease (%)

6.5

3.4

<0.001

 Congestive heart failure

3.3

1.5

<0.001

 Renal disease (%)

3.8

1.3

<0.001

 Any cardiovascular disease

21.6

9.9

<0.001

Antihypertensive treatment

 Non-drug treatment (%)

21.0

39.5

<0.001

 Monotherapy (%)

20.0

23.4

<0.001

 Receiving a two-drug combination (%)

25.1

20.2

<0.001

 Receiving a three-drug combination (%)

20.2

11.4

<0.001

 Receiving four or more drugs (%)

13.6

5.6

<0.001

 Mean number of antihypertensive drugs

1.71±1.43

1.25±1.27

<0.001

Type of drug

 ACE inhibitors (%)

21.7

10.0

<0.001

 ARBs (%)

28.8

16.1

<0.001

 Diuretics (%)

40.0

26.5

<0.001

 Calcium antagonists (%)

26.7

14.7

<0.001

 β-blockers (%)

19.7

16.4

<0.001

 α-blockers (%)

10.4

4.9

<0.001

 Other (%)

1.0

0.5

<0.001

  1. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.
  2. Quantitative variables are expressed as mean±s.d. Qualitative variables are expressed as percentages.
  3. aDifferences between groups were sought using χ2 test for qualitative variables and Student's t-test for quantitative data. Numerical variables were age, sex and BMI adjusted by multivariate analysis of variance, and categorical variables were age, sex and BMI adjusted by multiple logistic regression.
  4. bDefinitions of concomitant risk factors and established vascular diseases were that of the 2003 European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.12
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