Table 1 Clinical characteristics and computed tomography findings classified by the patterns of the apex beat

From: The clinical value of apex beat and electrocardiography for the detection of left ventricular hypertrophy from the standpoint of the distance factors from the heart to the chest wall: a multislice CT study

 

Absence (N=104)

Tapping (N=17)

Sustained or double apical impulse (N=30)

P

Age, years

64±10

63±13

61±11

0.418

Male, n

84 (81%)

8 (47%)

16 (53%)

0.0008

Hypertension, n

75 (72%)

12 (71%)

22 (73%)

0.979

Hypercholesterolemia, n

51 (49%)

8 (47%)

12 (40%)

0.683

Diabetes mellitus, n

34 (33%)

3 (18%)

4 (13%)

—

Smoking, n

34 (33%)

2 (12%)

8 (27%)

0.201

Body mass index, kg m−2

23.8±4.0

23.7±3.9

24.5±3.8

0.679

Obesity >25 kg m−2, n

33 (32%)

5 (29%)

12 (40%)

0.658

Blood pressure, mm Hg

 Systole

136±23

126±18

149±23

0.003

 Diastole

80±14

74±13

83±17

0.133

EDV, ml

125±36

126±33

171±77

0.0001

EDV index, ml m−2

75±19

80±23

101±38

0.0001

ESV, ml

50±25

49±36

80±54

0.0002

ESV index, ml m−2

30±14

31±27

47±29

0.0003

Ejection fraction, %

61±10

64±16

57±14

0.106

LV mass, g

153±50

136±27

208±78

0.0001

LV mass index, g m−2

92±23

87±20

123±38

0.0001

Anatomical LVH, n

13 (13%)

2 (12%)

19 (63%)

0.0001

Distance (cm) from heart to

 inner chest wall

1.11±0.71

0.76±0.54

0.44±0.44

0.0001

 chest surface

3.21±0.87

3.00±0.70

2.71±0.82

0.015

  1. Abbreviations: EDV, end-diastolic volume; ESV, end-systolic volume; LV, left ventricular; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.
  2. Values are mean±SD or n (%).
  3. Anatomical LVH was diagnosed if the LV mass index was greater than 104 g m−2 in women or >116 g m−2 in men.
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