Table 4 Predictors of cardiovascular events using Cox proportional hazards model

From: The ratio of observed to predicted left ventricular mass is independently associated with increased cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease

 

Univariate

Multivariate (Forward)

Parameter

HR (95% CI)

P

HR (95% CI)

P

Age (per 1 year)

1.042 (1.022–1.063)

<0.001

1.027 (1.006–1.048)

0.011

Male vs. female

1.103 (0.710–1.714)

0.662

—

—

Smoking (ever vs. never)

1.317 (0.848–2.047)

0.220

—

—

Diabetes mellitus

2.080 (1.305–3.317)

0.002

—

—

Hypertension

1.577 (0.815–3.049)

0.176

—

—

Coronary artery disease

2.753 (1.683–4.505)

<0.001

2.823 (1.656–4.814)

<0.001

Cerebrovascular disease

2.097 (1.279–3.440)

0.003

—

—

Congestive heart failure

3.367 (2.086–5.435)

<0.001

1.922 (1.153–3.205)

0.012

Atrial fibrillation

2.333 (1.076–5.058)

0.032

2.571 (1.096–6.029)

0.030

Systolic blood pressure (per 1 mm Hg)

1.013 (1.003–1.022)

0.010

—

—

Diastolic blood pressure (per 1 mm Hg)

0.986 (0.969–1.003)

0.108

—

—

Pulse pressure (per 1 mm Hg)

1.025 (1.013–1.037)

<0.001

1.015 (1.002–1.028)

0.024

Body mass index (per 1 kg m−2)

0.976 (0.925–1.030)

0.377

—

—

Laboratory parameters

    

 Albumin (per 1 g dl−1)

0.276 (0.181–0.422)

<0.001

0.401 (0.229–0.704)

0.001

 Fasting glucose (per 1 mg dl−1)

1.002 (0.999–1.005)

0.105

—

—

 Triglyceride (per log 1 mg dl−1)

0.848 (0.356–2.019)

0.710

—

—

 Cholesterol (per 1 mg dl−1)

1.000 (0.995–1.005)

0.996

—

—

 Hemoglobin (per 1g dl−1)

0.793 (0.721–0.871)

<0.001

0.871 (0.781–0.970)

0.012

 Baseline eGFR (per 1 ml min−1 per 1.73 m2)

0.971 (0.956–0.987)

<0.001

—

—

 Uric acid (per 1 mg dl−1)

1.083 (0.988–1.187)

0.088

—

—

 Proteinuria

1.743 (1.056–2.875)

0.030

—

—

Antihypertensive medications

    

 ACEI and/or ARB use

0.847 (0.527–1.360)

0.491

—

—

 β-blocker use

1.003 (0.631–1.595)

0.989

—

—

 Calcium channel blocker use

1.229 (0.793–1.905)

0.357

—

—

 Diuretics use

2.886 (1.832–4.545)

<0.001

—

—

Echocardiographic data

    

 LA diameter >4.7 cm

3.651 (2.055–6.487)

<0.001

2.022 (1.101–3.714)

0.023

Left ventricular geometry

    

non-LVH

Reference

   

concentric LVH

3.125 (1.675–5.830)

<0.001

—

—

eccentric LVH

2.843 (1.540–5.248)

0.001

—

—

Observed/predicted LVM (per 1 %)

1.743 (1.036–2.933)

<0.001

1.004 (1.001–1.008)

0.015

LVEF (per 1%)

0.967 (0.950–0.983)

<0.001

—

—

mwFS (per 1%)

0.914 (0.871–0.959)

<0.001

—

—

E-wave deceleration time (per 1 ms)

1.001 (0.997–1.004)

0.743

—

—

E/A<1

0.960 (0.573–1.608)

0.877

—

—

  1. Abbreviations: A, peak late transmitral filling wave velocity; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CI, confidence interval; E, peak early transmitral filling wave velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, hazard ratio; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; mwFS, midwall fractional shortening.
  2. Values express as HR and 95%l CI.
  3. −2 Log likelihood=871.9; Chi-square=112.6; P<0.001.
Back to article page