Table 1 Overview of studies assessing the association of sleep duration and insomnia with incident hypertension

From: The relationship of sleep duration and insomnia to risk of hypertension incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Author	Published year	Country	Follow-up years	Sample	Age (range/mean±s.d.)	Male (%)	Race	Sleep duration/insomnia assessment	Sleep duration/insomnia category	Outcome assessment
Sleep duration
Beunza³²	2007	Spanish	3.3	6742	NA/36	38.2	White	Self-reported	<6.8 h^a, 6.8–7.3 h, 7.3–8.0 h, >8.0 h	1
Cappuccio (a)³⁰	2007	British	5	2686	NA/55.4±6.0	100	White	Self-reported	⩽5 h, 6 h, 7 h^a, 8 h, ⩾9 h	2
Cappuccio (b)³⁰	2007	British	5	1005	NA/56.1±6.1	0	White	Self-reported	⩽5 h, 6 h, 7 h^a, 8 h, ⩾9 h	2
Fernandez-Mendoza²⁴	2012	USA	7.5	786	NA/47.5± 12.7	48.7	White, non-White	Measured	<6 h, ⩾6 h^a	1
Gangwisch²⁶	2010	USA	10	4913	32–86/NA	36.4	White, non-White	Self-reported	⩽5 h, 6 h, 7–8 h^a, ⩾9 h	1
Kim²⁸	2012	Korea	6	4965	40–69/50.5±8.5	46.9	Yellow	Self-reported	<5 h, 5–7 h^a, >7 h	2
Knutson¹⁸	2009	USA	5	535	33–45/40.1±3.6	NA	Black, White	Measured	CV, each hour^a	2
Lopez-Garcia³¹	2009	Spanish	2	890	⩾60/NA	47.9	White	Self-reported	4–5 h, 6 h, 7 h^a, 8 h, 9 h, 10–15 h	1
Insomnia
Fernandez-Mendoza²⁴	2012	USA	7.5	786	NA/47.5±12.7	48.7	White, non-White	Survey	Chronic insomnia(⩾1 year), poor sleep, NS^a	1
Gangwisch²⁶	2010	USA	10	4913	32–86/NA	36.4	White, non-White	Questionnaire	CV, one unit increase^a	1
Knutson¹⁸	2009	USA	5	535	33–45	NA	Black, White	Measured	CV, per 10% of maintenance^a	2
Phillips²²	2007	USA	6	8757	45–69/NA	45	White, Black	Survey	DFA, SCD, MS, NS^a	2^b
Phillips (a)²³	2009	USA	6	509	64–91/NA	100	Non-Black	Survey	DFA, SCD, EMA, NS^a	2
Phillips (b)²³	2009	USA	6	70	64–91/NA	100	Black	Survey	DFA, SCD, EMA, NS^a	2
Phillips (c)²³	2009	USA	6	760	64–91/NA	0	Non-Black	Survey	DFA, SCD, EMA, NS^a	2
Phillips (d)²³	2009	USA	6	80	64–91/NA	0	Black	Survey	DFA, SCD, EMA, NS^a	2
Rod (a)³³	2011	French	19	12524	36–52/NA	100	White	Questionnaire	TD, DMS, SB, DFA, EMA, NS^a; NHP score (CV, 10-point increase^a)	1
Rod (b)³³	2011	French	19	4465	36–52/NA	0	White	Questionnaire	TD, DMS, SB, DFA, EMA, NS^a; NHP score (CV, 10-point increase^a)	1
Suka (a)²⁵	2003	Japan	4	4794	40–55/NA	100	Yellow	Survey	DIS, NS^a	2
Suka (b)²⁵	2003	Japan	4	4443	40–55/NA	100	Yellow	Survey	DMS, NS^a	2

Abbreviations: CV, continuous variables; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DFA, difficulty falling asleep; DIS, difficulty initiating sleep; DMS, difficulty maintaining sleep; EMA, early-morning awakening; MS, morning sleep; NA, not available; NHP, Nottingham health profile; NS, normal sleep; SB, sleeping bad; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SCD, sleep continuity disturbance; TD, taking drugs for sleep.
(a), (b), (c) and (d) represent different cohorts with separate data reported in a single study.
1 represents hypertension incidence that was confirmed by self-reported diagnosis or treatment only; 2 represents hypertension incidence that was confirmed by both self-reported diagnosis or treatment and measurement in the interview at baseline.
^aReference category in each study.
^bMeasured hypertension is defined as SBP⩾160 mm Hg and/or DBP⩾95 mm Hg, whereas in other articles measured hypertension is defined as SBP⩾140 mm Hg and/or DBP⩾90 mm Hg.

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Table 1 Overview of studies assessing the association of sleep duration and insomnia with incident hypertension

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