Table 2 Overview of variables included in multivariable associations of sleep duration and insomnia with incident hypertension

	Adjustment variables
Author	Demographic	Behavioral	Biological	Psychosocial	Others
Beunza³²	A, S, H	Sm, Al, Ex	O, C		Intake of sodium, low-fat dairy, fruit, vegetable and olive oil.
Cappuccio³⁰	A	Sm, Al, Ex	O, D, CVD drugs	Employment, SF-36(mental, physical), depression cases	Hypnotics use
Fernandez-Mendoza²⁴	A, S, R	Sm, Al	O, D, B	Depression	SDB, caffeine consumption
Gangwisch²⁶	A, S, R, E	Sm, Al, Ex	O, D		Sleep duration, insomnia
Kim²⁸	A, S, E	Sm, Al, Ex	O, B	Area, income, job	ESS, snoring
Knutson¹⁸^a	A, S, R, E	Sm, Al, Ex (baseline, 5-year change)	O, D	Income	Snoring, daytime sleepiness
Lopez- Garcia³¹	A, S, E	Sm, Al, Ex	O, number of chronic diseases	Depression, number of social ties, anxiolytic intake	Coffee consumption, perceived health, arousal from sleep
Phillips²²	A, S, R, E	Sm	O, D	Depression	Lung function
Phillips²³	A, E	Sm, Al	O, D, CHD	Income	FEV1, height and estrogen use
Rod³³	A, M	Sm, Al	O, baseline morbidity (AP, MI, asthma, CB)	Socioeconomic status	Night work
Suka²⁵	A	Sm, Al	O, D	Job stress

Abbreviations: A, age; Al, alcohol; AP, angina pectoris; B, baseline blood pressure; C, cholesterol; CB, chronic bronchitis; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; D, diabetes; E, education; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; Ex, exercise/physical activity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; H, family history of hypertension; M, marital status; MI, myocardial infarction; O, obesity/body mass index; R, race; S, sex; SDB, sleep-disordered breathing; SF-36, short form-36 health survey questionnaire; Sm, smoking.
^aAll variables were included in the analysis of association of sleep duration on hypertension, whereas only A, S, R were included in the analysis of association of insomnia on hypertension.

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