Table 1 Characteristics of patients based on their brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV)

From: Increased pulse wave velocity in patients with acute lacunar infarction doubled the risk of future ischemic stroke

 

Brachial–ankle PWV

 
 

High (20.4 m s−1, n=78)

Low (<20.4 m s−1, n=78)

P-value

Demographics

 Female sex, n (%)

40 (51)

21 (27)

0.003

 Age, years

76 (69–81)

63 (58–71)

<0.001

 Body mass index, kg m−2

22.5 (20.4–24.3)

23.3 (20.9–25.8)

0.141

Physical status

 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg

162 (150–180)

164 (151–180)

0.989

 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg

84 (78–97)

90 (80–101)

0.016

 Pulse pressure, mm Hg

80 (66–92)

70 (65–86)

0.046

 Heart rate, beat per min

72 (64–82)

72 (63–84)

0.681

 NIHSS score on admission, points

3 (1–5)

2 (1–4)

0.082

 Progressive neurological deficit, n (%)

38 (49)

14 (18)

<0.001

Risk factors

 Hypertension, n (%)

73 (94)

62 (79)

0.017

 Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

29 (37)

21 (27)

0.230

 Hypercholesterolemia, n (%)

42 (54)

39 (50)

0.749

 Ischemic heart disease, n (%)

7 (9)

8 (10)

1.000

 Smoking habit, n (%)

23 (29)

45 (58)

<0.001

 Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

65 (83)

47 (61)

0.002

Laboratory data

 WBC, mm3

6250 (5275–7325)

6100 (5200–7125)

0.510

 CRP, mg dl−1

0.1 (0–0.23)

0.1 (0–0.20)

0.707

 Serum creatinine, mg dl−1

0.7 (0.6–0.9)

0.7 (0.6–0.9)

0.831

 eGFR, ml min−1 1.73 m−2

43.4 (34.8–50.6)

54.8 (41.1–68.2)

<0.001

 Blood glucose, mg dl−1

127 (108–165)

115 (103–150)

0.194

Brain imaging

 Infarct size on DWI 15 mm, n (%)

26 (33)

19 (24)

0.289

 Infarct slice number 3, n (%)

49 (63)

31 (40)

0.004

 Silent lacunar infarct, n (%)

54 (69)

31 (40)

<0.001

 White matter hyperintensities, n (%)

62 (79)

36 (46)

<0.001

Assessment of arteriosclerosis

 CCA-IMT, mm

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)

0.027

 Ankle–brachial index

1.10 (1.04–1.19)

1.13 (1.08–1.17)

0.233

Clinical outcomes

 mRS 0–1 at discharge, n (%)

29 (37)

51 (65)

<0.001

 mRS 4–5 at discharge, n (%)

28 (36)

12 (15)

0.006

 All-cause mortality, n (%)

18 (23)

10 (13)

0.143

 Recurrent ischemic stroke, n (%)

20 (26)

9 (12)

0.038

  1. Abbrevitions: CCA-IMT, common carotid artery intima-media thickness; CRP, C-reactive protein; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; mRS, modified Rankin scale; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; PWV, pulse wave velocity; WBC, white blood cell count.
  2. Data are shown as the median and interquartile range or as the number of patients and percentage.