Table 1 Characteristics of patients based on their brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (PWV)
Brachial–ankle PWV | |||
---|---|---|---|
High (⩾20.4 m s−1, n=78) | Low (<20.4 m s−1, n=78) | P-value | |
Demographics | |||
Female sex, n (%) | 40 (51) | 21 (27) | 0.003 |
Age, years | 76 (69–81) | 63 (58–71) | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg m−2 | 22.5 (20.4–24.3) | 23.3 (20.9–25.8) | 0.141 |
Physical status | |||
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 162 (150–180) | 164 (151–180) | 0.989 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 84 (78–97) | 90 (80–101) | 0.016 |
Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 80 (66–92) | 70 (65–86) | 0.046 |
Heart rate, beat per min | 72 (64–82) | 72 (63–84) | 0.681 |
NIHSS score on admission, points | 3 (1–5) | 2 (1–4) | 0.082 |
Progressive neurological deficit, n (%) | 38 (49) | 14 (18) | <0.001 |
Risk factors | |||
Hypertension, n (%) | 73 (94) | 62 (79) | 0.017 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 29 (37) | 21 (27) | 0.230 |
Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 42 (54) | 39 (50) | 0.749 |
Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 7 (9) | 8 (10) | 1.000 |
Smoking habit, n (%) | 23 (29) | 45 (58) | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 65 (83) | 47 (61) | 0.002 |
Laboratory data | |||
WBC, mm3 | 6250 (5275–7325) | 6100 (5200–7125) | 0.510 |
CRP, mg dl−1 | 0.1 (0–0.23) | 0.1 (0–0.20) | 0.707 |
Serum creatinine, mg dl−1 | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | 0.831 |
eGFR, ml min−1 1.73 m−2 | 43.4 (34.8–50.6) | 54.8 (41.1–68.2) | <0.001 |
Blood glucose, mg dl−1 | 127 (108–165) | 115 (103–150) | 0.194 |
Brain imaging | |||
Infarct size on DWI ⩾15 mm, n (%) | 26 (33) | 19 (24) | 0.289 |
Infarct slice number ⩾3, n (%) | 49 (63) | 31 (40) | 0.004 |
Silent lacunar infarct, n (%) | 54 (69) | 31 (40) | <0.001 |
White matter hyperintensities, n (%) | 62 (79) | 36 (46) | <0.001 |
Assessment of arteriosclerosis | |||
CCA-IMT, mm | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 0.027 |
Ankle–brachial index | 1.10 (1.04–1.19) | 1.13 (1.08–1.17) | 0.233 |
Clinical outcomes | |||
mRS 0–1 at discharge, n (%) | 29 (37) | 51 (65) | <0.001 |
mRS 4–5 at discharge, n (%) | 28 (36) | 12 (15) | 0.006 |
All-cause mortality, n (%) | 18 (23) | 10 (13) | 0.143 |
Recurrent ischemic stroke, n (%) | 20 (26) | 9 (12) | 0.038 |