Table 2 The clinical characteristics of 174 321 women stratified according to smokers and nonsmorkers
From: The association of alcohol and smoking with CKD in a Japanese nationwide cross-sectional survey
Nonsmokers | Smokers | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 163 972 (94.1) | 10 349 (5.9) | |
Age (year) | 66 (61–70) | 59 (50–66) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.7±3.4 | 22.2±3.6 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.9±17.2 | 122.8±18.0 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.8±10.3 | 73.0±10.9 | <0.001 |
Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 53.1±12.6 | 49.8±12.5 | <0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 92.5±11.6 | 89.6±12.4 | <0.001 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 74.7 (63.9–89) | 77.8 (68.1–91.6) | <0.001 |
CKD stage 1 (eGFR ≧90) (n (%)) | 36 053 (22.0) | 2936 (28.4) | <0.001 |
stage 2 (eGFR 60–89) (n (%)) | 109 149 (66.6) | 6488 (62.7) | |
stage 3 (eGFR 30–59) (n (%)) | 18 456 (11.3) | 897 (8.7) | |
stage 4 (eGFR 15–29) (n (%)) | 223 (0.1) | 19 (0.2) | |
stage 5 (eGFR <15) (n (%)) | 91 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | |
Urinary protein by dipstick test | |||
Negative (n (%)) | 146 144 (89.1) | 8951 (86.5) | <0.001 |
± | 11 721 (7.2) | 905 (8.7) | |
1+ | 4567 (2.8) | 357 (3.5) | |
2+ | 1177 (0.7) | 106 (1.0) | |
3+or more | 363 (0.2) | 30 (0.3) | |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 95 (70–131) | 102 (73–148) | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 66.3±16.2 | 65.1±16.9 | <0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 129.5±29.9 | 125.4±33.3 | <0.001 |
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.32±0.58 | 5.26±0.70 | <0.001 |
FBS (mg/dl) | 94.7±17.2 | 94.2±21.5 | 0.014 |
Uric acid (mg/dl) | 4.63±1.06 | 4.74±1.17 | <0.001 |
Past history of heart disease (n (%)) | 8728 (5.3) | 428 (4.1) | <0.001 |
Stroke (n (%)) | 4739 (2.9) | 221 (2.1) | <0.001 |
Kidney disease (n (%)) | 690 (0.4) | 62 (0.6) | 0.007 |
Current drug history of | |||
Antihypertensive medications (n (%)) | 46 484 (28.4) | 2145 (20.7) | <0.001 |
Antihyperglycemia medications (n (%)) | 6308 (3.9) | 410 (4.0) | 0.556 |
Anticholesteremic medications (n (%)) | 35 228 (21.5) | 1494 (14.4) | <0.001 |
Prevalence of hypertension (n (%)) | 41 836 (25.5) | 1929 (18.6) | <0.001 |
diabetes mellitus (n (%)) | 44 818 (27.3) | 2916 (28.2) | 0.062 |
dyslipidemia (n (%)) | 110 045 (67.1) | 6588 (63.7) | <0.001 |
Drinking rarely (n (%)) | 68 829 (42.0) | 2950 (28.5) | <0.001 |
occasionally | 2510 (1.5) | 156 (1.5) | |
≦19 g/day | 82 141 (50.1) | 4319 (41.7) | |
20–39 g/day | 8286 (5.1) | 1779 (17.2) | |
40–59 g/day | 1683 (1.0) | 746 (7.2) | |
≧60 g/day | 523 (0.3) | 399 (3.9) | |
