Table 1 Characteristics of the selected studies grouped by outcome measurement
From: Childhood obesity and risk of the adult metabolic syndrome: a systematic review
References | Childhood age (years) | Adult age (years) | Population | n | Tracking of BMI | Effect size and significance | Effect of adjusting for adult BMI/% body fat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood lipids | |||||||
Freedman et al.19 | 5–17 | 18–37 | Males and females in Louisiana, USA, born 1959–1968; BHS | 2617 | r=0.58 | Cholesterol r=+0.10* Triglycerides r =+0.16* LDL r=+0.11* HDL r=−0.14* | Relationships inversed Cholesterol r=−0.08 Triglycerides r=−0.09 LDL r=−0.09 HDL r=+0.07 |
Salonen et al.17 | 0–11 | Mean 61.5 | Males and females in Helsinki, Finland, born 1934–1944 | 499 | Not reported | HDL—NS Triglycerides—NS | Not reported |
Sinaiko et al.24 | 7–18 | 23 | Males and females in Minneapolis, USA, born 1970–71 MCBPS | 679 | r=0.612** | Cholesterol—NS Triglycerides r=+0.19** LDL NS HDL r=−0.18** | Not adjusted |
Wright et al.20 | 9, 13 | 50 | Males and females in Newcastle, UK, born 1947 NTFS | 412 | r=0.24– 0.39 | All blood lipids NS for men Women—age 13 all blood lipids NS age 9, Cholesterol r=−0.15* age 9, triglycerides r=−0.18* age 9, LDL and HDL NS | Men: age 9, triglycerides r=−0.18* Women: age 9, cholesterol r=−0.17* triglycerides r=−0.27* age 13, triglycerides r=−0.19 All other ages/variables NS |
Lauer et al.23 | 8–18 | 20–30 | Males and females in Iowa, USA, born 1960–70s | 2446 | r=0.53– 0.84* | Change in cholesterol with change in BMI: Men r=0.20–0.45* Women r=0.10–0.26* from ages 11+, but NS at ages 7–10 | Not adjusted |
Insulin | |||||||
Freedman et al.19 | 5–17 | 18–37 | Males and females in Louisiana, USA, born 1959–1968; BHS | 2617 | r=0.58 | r=0.26* | r=−0.15* |
Freedman et al.18 | 3–17 | Mean 27 | Males and females in Louisiana, USA, born 1959–1968; BHS | 2911 | r=0.58b | Age 3–7, r=+0.27 Age 8–13, r=+0.31 Age 14–17, r=+0.36 | Not adjusted |
Martin et al.21 | Mean 6 | Mean 71 | Males and females, England and Scotland, born 1920s and 1930s | 456 | r=0.12 | HOMA −8.0% (CI −0.2 to −15.1) per s.d. change in BMI in childhood | Not adjusted |
Sinaiko et al.24 | 7–18 | 23 | Males and females in Minneapolis, USA, born 1970–1971 MCBPS | 679 | r=0.612** | r=+0.28** | Not adjusted |
Thearle et al.16 | 5–16 | Mean 25 | Males and females in Gila River Indian Community, USA, born 1960 onwards | 76 | Not reported | Only adjusted figures reported | Insulin action r=−0.43** Acute insulin response r=0.32*** A 5 kg m−2 increase in childhood BMI =−7.4% (CI −12.7 to −1.8%) insulin action* |
Wright et al.20 | 9, 13 | 50 | Males and females in Newcastle, UK, born 1947 NTFS | 412 | r=0.24– 0.39 | NS | Men: age 9, r=−0.17***; Age 13, r=−0.23*** Women: age 9, r=0.20***; age 13 r=−0.21*** |
Disease outcomes | |||||||
Bjorge et al.22 | 14–19a | Up to 62 | Males and females in Norway, born 1944–1961 | 226 678 | Not measured | Risk of death from diabetes mellitus Men : NS Women: results not reported | Not adjusted |
Morrison et al.28 | Mean 12.8 | Mean 38.4 | Males and females, Princeton, USA, born 1960s | 814 | 0.59 | For every 1 point change in childhood BMI percentile, the OR for having metabolic syndrome was 1.025 (CI 1.018–1.033) | Not adjusted |
Salonen et al.17 | 0–11 | Mean 61.5 | Males and females in Helsinki, Finland, born 1934–1944 | 499 | Not reported | Higher BMI associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome for ages 2–11 OR for having metabolic syndrome for every 1 s.d. change in BMI between ages: 0–2: 0.72 (CI 0.57–0.92) 2–7: 0.63 (0.49 0.81) 7–11: NS | OR for having metabolic syndrome for every 1 s.d. change in BMI between ages: 0–2: 0.75 (CI 0.59–0.95) 2–7: 0.63 (0.49 0.81) 7–11: NS |
Srinivasan et al.15 | 8–17 | 19–38 | Males and females in Louisiana, USA, born 1959–1968; BHS | 745 | r=0.58b | For every 1 s.d. change in childhood BMI, the OR for having clustering of risk variables for metabolic syndrome was 2.03 | Not adjusted |
