Table 3 Summary of results and quality scores

References	Effect	Adjusted effect	Newcastle–Ottawa Scale
			Selection (max. 4)*	Comparability (max. 2)*	Assessment (max. 3)*
Total cholesterol
Freedman et al.¹⁹	+	−	^***	^*	^**
Lauer et al.²³	+	Not adjusted	^***	^*	^**
Sinaiko et al.²⁴	↔	Not adjusted	^***		^**
Wright et al.²⁰	−, ↔	−, ↔	^***	^*	^***
LDL cholesterol
Freedman et al.¹⁹	+	−	^***	^*	^**
Sinaiko et al.²⁴	↔	Not adjusted	^***		^**
Wright et al.²⁰	↔	↔	^***	^*	^***
HDL cholesterol
Freedman et al.¹⁹	−	+	^***	^*	^**
Salonen et al.¹⁷	↔	Not reported	^***	^**	^**
Sinaiko et al.²⁴	−	Not adjusted	^***		^**
Wright et al.²⁰	↔	↔	^***	^*	^***
Triglycerides
Freedman et al.¹⁹	+	−	^***	^*	^**
Salonen et al.¹⁷	↔	Not reported	^***	^**	^**
Sinaiko et al.²⁴	+	Not adjusted	^***		^**
Wright et al.²⁰	−, ↔	−, ↔	^***	^*	^***
Insulin
Freedman et al.¹⁹	+	−	^***	^*	^**
Freedman et al.¹⁸	+	Not adjusted^a	^***	^a	^**
Martin et al.²¹	−^b	Not adjusted	^***	^*	^***
Thearle et al.¹⁶	Not reported	−^c, +^d	^**	^*	^**
Sinaiko et al.²⁴	+	Not adjusted	^***		^**
Wright et al.²⁰	↔	−	^***	^*	^***
Disease outcomes
Bjørge et al.²²	↔	Not adjusted	^***		^***
Morrison et al.²⁸	+	Not adjusted	^***		^***
Salonen et al.¹⁷	−	−	^***	^**	^**
Srinivasan et al.¹⁵	+	Not adjusted	^****	^*	^**

Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA, homeostasis model assessment; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
+, positive correlation; ↔, no significant correlation; −, negative correlation; multiple annotations reflect differing associations found within paper, for example, at different age groups; ^anot reported; ^bHOMA insulin resistance; ^cinsulin action; ^dacute insulin response. Stars (^*) were awarded for selection, comparability and assessment according to the criteria in Table 2.

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