Table 2 Comparison of estimated means and treatment differences for glycemic parameters after 5 weeks of treatment

From: Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults

Parameters

Liraglutide 1.8 mg n=30

Liraglutide 3.0 mg n=30

Placebo n=30

Treatment ratio (R) or difference (D) for 1liraglutide 1.8 mg vs placebo 2liraglutide 3.0 mg vs placebo 3liraglutide 3.0 vs 1.8 mg

P-value

Glucose

 Fasting plasma (mmol l−1)

4.9

4.9

5.4

  

 glucose

   

1R: 0.89 (0.86; 0.93)

<0.0001

    

2R: 0.90 (0.87; 0.94)

<0.0001

    

3R: 1.01 (0.97; 1.05)

0.70

Postprandial values

 AUC0–300 min (min mmol l−1)

1648

1532

1767

  
    

1R: 0.93 (0.85; 1.02)

0.12

    

2R: 0.87 (0.79; 0.95)

0.002

    

3R: 0.93 (0.85; 1.01)

0.10

 iAUC0–300 min (min mmol l−1)

191.8

143.0

192.2

  
    

1D: −0.4 (−40.8; 40.1)

0.99

    

2D: −49.1 (−89.6; −8.7)

0.02

    

3D: −48.8 (−88.7; −8.9)

0.02

 AUC0–60 min (min mmol l−1)

388.4

386.0

425.2

  
    

1R: 0.91 (0.87; 0.96)

0.0003

    

2R: 0.91 (0.87; 0.95)

0.0001

    

3R: 0.99 (0.95; 1.04)

0.78

 iAUC0–60 min (min mmol l−1)

76.3

67.0

76.7

  
    

1D: −0.4 (−16.0; 15.2)

0.96

    

2D: −9.7 (−25.2; 5.9)

0.22

    

3D: −9.3 (−24.6; 6.1)

0.23

 Cmax (mmol l−1)

7.0

6.8

7.5

  
    

1R: 0.94 (0.88; 1.00)

0.04

    

2R: 0.91 (0.85; 0.96)

0.003

    

3R: 0.97 (0.91; 1.03)

0.30

Glucagon

 Fasting plasma (pg ml−1)

106.5

109.5

108.5

  

 glucagon

   

1R: 0.98 (0.90; 1.07)

0.66

    

2R: 1.01 (0.93; 1.10)

0.83

    

3R: 1.03 (0.95; 1.12)

0.51

Postprandial values

 AUC0–300 min (min pg ml−1)

36011

35657

40618

  
    

1R: 0.89 (0.81; 0.97)

0.01

    

2R: 0.88 (0.80; 0.96)

0.007

    

3R: 0.99 (0.90; 1.09)

0.83

 iAUC0–300 min (min pg ml−1)

4781

4866

6957

  
    

1D: −2176 (−4277; −74.6)

0.04

    

2D: −2091 (−4191; 10.1)

0.051

    

3D: 85.3 (−2000; 2171)

0.94

 AUC0–60 min (min pg ml−1)

8244

8500

8902

  
    

1R: 0.93 (0.87; 0.98)

0.01

    

2R: 0.95 (0.90; 1.01)

0.12

    

3R: 1.03 (0.97; 1.09)

0.30

 iAUC0–60 min (min pg ml−1)

1294

1460

1688

  
    

1D: −394 (−891; 102.6)

0.12

    

2D: −227 (−724; 269.3)

0.36

    

3D: 166.8 (−328; 661.5)

0.50

 Cmax (pg ml−1)

145.5

147.0

156.9

  
    

1R: 0.93 (0.87; 0.99)

0.03

    

2R: 0.94 (0.88; 1.00)

0.06

    

3R: 1.01 (0.95; 1.08)

0.75

Insulin

 Fasting serum (mU l−1)

11.4

12.7

10.8

  

 insulin

   

1R: 1.05 (0.87; 1.28)

0.58

    

2R: 1.18 (0.97; 1.43)

0.10

    

3R: 1.12 (0.92; 1.35)

0.25

Postprandial values

 AUC0–300 min (min mU l−1)

13491

13474

14544

  
    

1R: 0.93 (0.78; 1.11)

0.40

    

2R: 0.93 (0.77; 1.11)

0.40

    

3R: 1.00 (0.84; 1.19)

0.99

 iAUC0–300 min (min m Ul−1)

12075

11009

13131

  
    

1D: −1056 (−3517; 1405)

0.39

    

2D: −2122 (−4583; 339)

0.09

    

3D: −1066 (−3490; 1358)

0.38

 AUC0–60 min (min mU l−1)

3608

4011

4784

  
    

1R: 0.75 (0.64; 0.89)

0.002

    

2R: 0.84 (0.71; 0.99)

0.04

    

3R: 1.11 (0.94; 1.32)

0.21

 iAUC0–60 min (min mU l−1)

3735

3532

4778

  
    

1D: −1043 (−1847; −238)

0.01

    

2D: −1246 (−2050; −441)

0.003

    

3D: −203 (−996; 589)

0.61

 Cmax (mU l−1)

111.6

121.6

119.4

  
    

1R: 0.93 (0.77; 1.14)

0.50

    

2R: 1.02 (0.83; 1.24)

0.86

    

3R: 1.09 (0.89; 1.33)

0.39

C-peptide

 Fasting plasma (ng ml−1)

2.58

2.67

2.41

  

 C-peptide

   

1R: 1.07 (0.96; 1.19)

0.20

    

2R: 1.11 (1.00; 1.24)

0.06

    

3R: 1.04 (0.93; 1.15)

0.52

Postprandial values

 AUC0–300 min (min ng ml−1)

1767

1760

1791

  
    

1R: 0.99 (0.86; 1.13)

0.85

    

2R: 0.98 (0.86; 1.13)

0.80

    

3R: 1.00 (0.87; 1.14)

0.95

 iAUC0–300 min (min ng ml−1)

1088

1030

1122

  
    

1D: −33.5 (−215; 148)

0.71

    

2D: −92.2 (−274; 89.3)

0.31

    

3D: −58.7 (−238; 120)

0.51

 AUC0–60 min (min ng ml−1)

365.2

376.9

414.6

  
    

1R: 0.88 (0.81; 0.96)

0.005

    

2R: 0.91 (0.83; 0.99)

0.03

    

3R: 1.03 (0.95; 1.12)

0.46

 iAUC0–60 min (min ng ml−1)

216.6

207.7

263.2

  
    

1D: −46.7 (−84.0; 9.3)

0.02

    

2D: −55.5 (−92.8; −18.1)

0.004

    

3D: −8.83 (−45.7; 28.0)

0.63

 Cmax (ng ml−1)

9.39

10.20

9.55

  
    

1R: 0.98 (0.88; 1.10)

0.76

    

2R: 1.07 (0.95; 1.19)

0.24

    

3R: 1.09 (0.97; 1.21)

0.14

  1. Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.
  2. Data are estimated means. Treatment ratios/differences are estimated means (95% CIs). Comparisons between treatment groups were performed using the parametric linear mixed-effect model using log-transformed values (iAUC was analyzed on the original scale). The model included effects of subject, period and treatment group (subject was included as a random effect).
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