Table 1 Characteristics of the study population by maternal caffeine intake
Characteristics | Category | Caffeine intake (mg per day) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No caffeine N=124 (%) | <150 N=373 (%) | ⩾150 N=118 (%) | Chi-square P-value | ||
Maternal factors | |||||
Age at delivery | <25 | 19 (15.3) | 59 (15.8) | 10 (8.5) | |
25–30 | 44 (35.5) | 108 (29.0) | 26 (22.0) | ||
30–35 | 40 (32.3) | 129 (34.6) | 46 (39.0) | ||
35+ | 21 (16.9) | 77 (20.6) | 36 (30.5) | 0.03 | |
Education | <College | 76 (61.8) | 210 (56.3) | 63 (53.4) | |
College degree | 32 (26.0) | 108 (29.0) | 36 (30.5) | ||
Graduate school | 15 (12.2) | 55 (14.8) | 19 (16.1) | 0.75 | |
Race | White | 28 (22.6) | 129 (34.6) | 55 (46.6) | |
Black | 10 (8.1) | 24 (6.4) | 4 (3.4) | ||
Hispanic | 35 (28.2) | 94 (25.2) | 16 (13.6) | ||
Asian/Pacific Islander | 47 (37.9) | 108 (29.0) | 35 (29.7) | ||
Other/unknown | 4 (3.2) | 18 (4.8) | 8 (6.8) | 0.003 | |
Income | <$30 000 | 27 (22.9) | 68 (19.1) | 18 (16.2) | |
$30 000–60 000 | 45 (38.1) | 152 (42.7) | 46 (41.4) | ||
⩾$60 000 | 46 (39.0) | 136 (38.2) | 47 (42.3) | 0.71 | |
Marital status | Single | 7 (5.7) | 21 (5.6) | 4 (3.4) | |
Married | 106 (86.2) | 302 (81.0) | 96 (81.4) | ||
Live with partner | 9 (7.3) | 42 (11.3) | 13 (11.0) | ||
Other | 1 (0.8) | 8 (2.1) | 5 (4.2) | 0.44 | |
Prepregnancy BMI | <25 | 90 (72.6) | 245 (65.7) | 83 (70.3) | |
⩾25 | 34 (27.4) | 128 (34.3) | 35 (29.7) | 0.30 | |
Preexisting or gestational diabetes | No | 113 (95.0) | 332 (93.0) | 100 (88.5) | |
Yes | 6 (5.0) | 25 (7.0) | 13 (11.5) | 0.15 | |
Number of previous live births | 0 | 59 (47.6) | 157 (42.1) | 48 (40.7) | |
1 | 46 (37.1) | 145 (38.9) | 45 (38.1) | ||
2+ | 19 (15.3) | 71 (19.0) | 25 (21.2) | 0.72 | |
Index pregnancy factors | |||||
Maternal smoking during pregnancy | No | 123 (99.2) | 339 (90.9) | 92 (78.0) | |
Yes | 1 (0.8) | 34 (9.1) | 26 (22.0) | <0.001 | |
Preterm delivery | No | 113 (91.9) | 346 (93.5) | 111 (94.9) | |
Yes | 10 (8.1) | 24 (6.5) | 6 (5.1) | 0.64 | |
Small-for-gestational-age | No | 108 (88.5) | 338 (91.6) | 107 (92.2) | |
Yes | 14 (11.5) | 31 (8.4) | 9 (7.8) | 0.52 | |
Child sex | Male | 61 (49.2) | 188 (50.4) | 61 (51.7) | |
Female | 63 (50.8) | 185 (49.6) | 57 (48.3) | 0.93 | |
Childhood characteristics | |||||
Breastfed | No | 9 (7.3) | 21 (5.7) | 16 (13.6) | |
Yes | 114 (92.7) | 351 (94.4) | 102 (86.4) | 0.02 | |
Eat at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per daya | No | 24 (24.0) | 85 (30.4) | 22 (25.0) | |
Yes | 76 (76.0) | 195 (69.6) | 66 (75.0) | 0.38 | |
TV, computer, video game time limited to 1h per daya | No | 15 (16.9) | 56 (21.1) | 21 (25.9) | |
Yes | 74 (83.2) | 210 (79.0) | 60 (74.1) | 0.35 | |
Exercise at least 30 min per daya | No | 8 (9.1) | 25 (9.4) | 9 (11.1) | |
Yes | 80 (90.9) | 242 (90.6) | 72 (88.9) | 0.88 | |
Play any sportsa | No | 10 (13.3) | 40 (19.4) | 11 (17.2) | |
Yes | 65 (86.7) | 166 (80.6) | 53 (82.8) | 0.49 | |
Outcome measurements | |||||
Number of BMI measurementsb included in repeated-measures analysis (mean±s.d.) | 9.4±6.8 | 9.6±12.1 | 8.5±6.0 | 0.60c | |
Age at most recent BMI measurement (mean±s.d.) | 12.7±3.6 | 11.9±4.1 | 11.8±4.2 | 0.11c | |
