Table 1 Summary details of the individual level studies included in the review
Study | Design & quality appraisal a | Setting & participants | Intervent ion b | Inequality c | Summary results: d ↑=increase;↓= decrease; ↔=no change | Impact on inequalities in obesity e | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level interventions | |||||||
Craigie et al.20 | Randomised controlled pilot study; 12-week follow-up (post-intervention); final sample=36; quality=strong | Participant’s homes, UK; Mean=30 years; 100% female; BMI >25 kg m−2, 6–18 months post-partum | 12-week nutrition and physical activity treatment intervention: post-partum weight loss programme (WeighWell)— face-to-face consultations (x3) and telephone support (minimum x3) from trained lifestyle counsellor. Motivational interviewing techniques, calorie reduced diet and physical activity goals; no cost data reported | Disadvantage: women living in areas of moderate to high deprivation | Body weight BMI % body fat WC | ↓ ↓ ↓ ↔ | + |
Davis Martin et al.19 | Randomised control trial; 6 month follow-up (post-intervention; final sample=106; quality=strong | Two medical centres, USA; 18–62 years; 100% female; overweight and obese | 6 month nutrition and physical activity treatment intervention: tailored and culturally appropriate weight management programme —physician delivered (1 × 15 min consultation per month), individual recommendations and strategies provided by health psychologist, dietitian and exercise physiologist; no cost data reported | Disadvantage: low income, African-American women | Body weight | ↓ | + |
Whittemore et al. 21 | Cluster randomized controlled pilot study; 6 month follow-up (post- intervention); final sample=51; quality=strong | Four health care practices, USA; 92% female; mean age≈46 years; BMI⩾25 kg m−2 | 6 month nutrition and physical activity treatment intervention: diabetes prevention programme for overweight and obese adults—individual sessions with nurse (1 × 30 min) and nutritionist (1 × 45 min); culturally relevant education on nutrition, exercise; behavioural support in identifying goals and problem-solving barriers to change; motivational interviewing; no cost data reported | Disadvantage: participants had moderately low incomes | Body weight BMI WC | ↓ ↔ ↔ | 0 |
Randomised controlled trial; 3 year follow-up (post- intervention); final sample=809; quality=strong | Homes, USA; 20–45 years; 100% female | 3 year nutrition and physical activity prevention intervention (Pound of Prevention Study): diet and physical activity education with or without a lottery incentive; additional voluntary activities (e.g. group sessions and dance classes); no cost data reported | Gradient: no interaction between intervention and participant type (low-income or high-income women) | Body weight | ↔ | 0 | |
Martin et al.22 | Randomised controlled trial; 18 month follow-up (12 months post-intervention); final sample=86; quality=strong | Primary care setting, USA; 100% female; 18–65 years; overweight or obese (BMI>25 kg m−2) | 6 month nutrition and physical activity treatment intervention: tailored weight loss intervention; monthly counselling sessions; topics included weight loss, decreasing dietary fat, increasing physical activity, barriers to weight loss and healthy alternatives when eating out and shopping; $35 reimbursement per participant | Disadvantage: low-income minority women | Weight loss | ↔ | 0 |
