Table 3 Associations of diet quality score at each time point of dietary assessment and DQI across early childhood with fat mass z-score and BMI z-score at 6 years

From: Diet quality across early childhood and adiposity at 6 years: the Southampton Women’s Survey

 

Fat mass at 6 years (s.d.)

BMI at 6 years (s.d.)

Diet quality a

 

Descriptive b

Model 1 c

Model 2

 

Descriptive b

Model 1 c

Model 2

 

n

 

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

n

 

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

At 6 months

 T1: Low

204

6.0 (5.1–7.5)

0.38

(0.19, 0.56)

0.28

(0.05, 0.51)

269

15.9 (15.0–17.1)

0.18

(0.01, 0.35)

0.12

(−0.10, 0.35)

 T2: Medium

221

5.8 (4.8–6.8)

0.15

(−0.03, 0.34)

−0.02

(−0.23, −0.19)

270

15.8 (14.9–16.8)

0.10

(−0.07, 0.27)

−0.05

(−0.26, 0.16)

 T3: High

226

5.4 (4.6–6.4)

Reference

Reference

266

15.6 (14.9−16.7)

Reference

Reference

 Effect per 1-unit score increase

 

−0.17

(−0.25, −0.09)

−0.13

(−0.23, −0.04)

 

−0.07

(−0.14, 0.00)

−0.04

(−0.14, 0.05)

 P for trend

  

<0.001

0.007

  

0.04

0.36

At 12 months

 T1: Low

207

6.0 (5.1–7.3)

0.36

(0.18, 0.55)

0.08

(−0.16, 0.32)

275

15.9 (15.0–16.9)

0.19

(0.02, 0.36)

−0.09

(−0.31, 0.13)

 T2: Medium

230

5.8 (4.9–7.0)

0.27

(0.08, 0.45)

0.20

(−0.01, 0.42)

264

15.8 (15.1–17.1)

0.26

(0.09, 0.43)

0.20

(−0.01, 0.40)

 T3: High

220

5.5 (4.5−6.6)

Reference

Reference

263

15.5 (14.8–16.5)

Reference

Reference

 Effect per 1-unit score increase

 

−0.17

(−0.25, −0.09)

−0.04

(−0.14, 0.07)

  

−0.09

(−0.16, −0.02)

0.04

(−0.06, 0.14)

 P for trend

  

<0.001

0.48

  

0.01

0.43

At 3 years

 T1: Low

225

6.1 (5.2–7.6)

0.41

(0.23, 0.59)

0.23

(0.01, 0.45)

298

16.0 (15.1−17.2)

0.27

(0.10, 0.43)

0.07

(−0.15, 0.29)

 T2: Medium

241

5.6 (4.7–6.7)

0.05

(−0.13, 0.22)

0.01

(−0.20, 0.21)

291

15.6 (14.9−16.7)

0.05

(−0.11, 0.22)

0.02

(−0.18, 0.23)

 T3: High

235

5.5 (4.6–6.5)

Reference

Reference

270

15.6 (14.9−16.5)

Reference

Reference

 Effect per 1-unit score increase

  

−0.18

(−0.25, −0.10)

−0.12

(−0.22, −0.02)

  

−0.14

(−0.21, −0.08)

−0.06

(−0.15, 0.04)

 P for trend

  

<0.001

0.01

  

<0.001

0.25

At 6 years

 T1: Low

183

6.1 (5.3–7.6)

0.37

(0.17, 0.57)

0.32

(0.08, 0.57)

291

15.8 (14.9−17.0)

0.11

(−0.06, 0.27)

−0.07

(−0.29, 0.15)

 T2: Medium

191

5.6 (4.7–6.9)

0.08

(−0.12, 0.28)

0.03

(−0.19, 0.25)

291

15.7 (14.9−16.9)

0.02

(−0.14, 0.18)

−0.06

(−0.26, 0.13)

 T3: High

195

5.5 (4.7–6.5)

Reference

Reference

291

15.8 (14.9−16.7)

Reference

Reference

 Effect per 1-unit score increase

  

−0.15

(−0.23, −0.07)

−0.13

(−0.24, −0.03)

  

−0.05

(−0.12, 0.02)

0.04

(−0.05, 0.13)

 P for trend

  

<0.001

0.01

  

0.13

0.42

DQI across early childhood

 DQI: 0

64

6.1 (5.2–7.6)

0.50

(0.21, 0.79)

0.46

(0.06, 0.86)

88

15.7 (14.7−17.1)

0.22

(−0.04, 0.47)

0.05

(−0.34, 0.43)

 DQI: 1–3

237

5.9 (5.1–7.3)

0.49

(0.29, 0.70)

0.28

(0.03, 0.54)

305

15.9 (15.1−17.1)

0.31

(0.12, 0.49)

0.07

(−0.18, 0.31)

 DQI: 4–6

274

5.6 (4.7–6.7)

0.20

(0.00, 0.41)

0.13

(−0.11, 0.36)

309

15.8 (15.0−16.8)

0.23

(0.04, 0.41)

0.10

(−0.13, 0.33)

 DQI: 7–8

136

5.3 (4.5–6.2)

Reference

Reference

172

15.5 (14.7−16.4)

Reference

Reference

 Effect per 1-unit DQI increase

  

−0.07

(−0.10, −0.04)

−0.05

(−0.09, −0.01)

  

−0.04

(−0.07, −0.01)

−0.01

(−0.04, 0.03)

 P for trend

  

<0.001

0.01

  

0.003

0.78

  1. Abbreviations: 25(OH) D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DQI, diet quality index; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; IOM, Institute of Medicine; PCA, principal component analysis; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.
  2. aDiet quality was determined according to scores for a PCA-defined dietary pattern (that is, infant guidelines pattern at 3 and 6 months and prudent dietary pattern at 3 and 6 years). The distributions of diet quality score at each of the four ages were categorized into thirds.
  3. bDescriptive data was fat mass (kg) and BMI (kg m−2).
  4. cOutcome for fat mass adjusted for sex, age at DXA measurements and height; outcome for BMI adjusted for sex and age at measurement. All outcomes were positively skewed and thus were log-transformed. Associations are expressed as regression coefficients (β) (95% CI) for standardized variables (z-scores; relative change in s.d. of outcome per 1-unit increase of score or index of diet quality). Model 1 is unadjusted model. Model 2 is adjusted for maternal prepregnancy BMI, smoking status in pregnancy, IOM weight-gain categories, maternal serum 25(OH) D concentration in late pregnancy, maternal plasma n-6 PUFA concentration in late pregnancy, duration of breastfeeding, time moving each day at 4 years and time spent watching TV at 4 years.
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