Figure 3

Phase-contrast micrographs of U2OS osteoblasts challenged with different concentrations of sub-gingival pathogens. U2OS osteoblasts initially grown in 100% DMEM/LG-complete at 37 °C in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere for 24 h in tissue culture polystyrene wells, and after pursued further anaerobic growth for 48 h in modified culture medium in absence and presence of different concentrations of P. intermedia ATCC 49046 or P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. (a, b) No bacteria; (c, d) ×10⁴ mL⁻¹bacteria; (e, f) ×10⁶ mL⁻¹ bacteria. Bar markers indicate 25 μm. DMEM/LG, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium low glucose.