Figure 5
From: Is there a common water-activity limit for the three domains of life?
Lower water-activity limits for cell division of the most xerophilic eukaryotic microbes (upper pale-blue panel) and Bacteria and Archaea thus far identified (lower pale-grey panel) on salt-supplemented substrates (mid-blue and dark-grey bars, respectively) and sugar- or polyol-supplemented substrates (dark-blue and mid-grey bars, respectively): (i) haloarchaeal strain GN-5 (Figure 1b), (ii) haloarchaeal strain GN-2 (Figure 1b), (iii) Halorhodospira halophila (strain DSM 244T; Figure 2b), (iv) Halorhabdus utahensis (strain DSM 12940T; Figure 2f), (v) Halobacterium strain 004.1 (Figure 1d), (vi) Actinopolyspora halophila (strain ATCC 27976T; Figure 2d), (vii) Halanaerobium lacusrosei (strain DSM 10165T; Figure 2c), (viii) Halorhodospira halochloris (strain not specified; Figure 2a), (ix) Bacteria within a mixed halophile community (Figure 1c), (x) Natrinema pallidum (strain NCIMB 777T; Figure 1a and Table 1), (xi) Halobacterium noricense (strain DSM 15987T; Figure 1a and Table 1), (xii) Halcococcus salifodinae (strain DSM 13046; Figure 1a and Table 1), (xiii) ‘Haloarcula californiae’ (strain DSM 8905; Figure 2e), (xiv) Haloquadratum walsbyi (strain DSM 16790; Figure 1a and Table 1), (xv) ‘Haloarcula sinaiiensis’ (strain DSM 8928; Figure 2e), [xvi) Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum (strain LAIST_NPS017), (xvii) Mycobacterium smegmatis (strain ATCC 10143), (xviii) Tetragenococcus halophilus (strains T11 and T15), (xix) Saccharibacter floricola (strain DSM 15669T), (xx) Staphylococcus aureus (strains ATCC 6538P, NA and FM1), (xxi) Asaia bogorensis (strain JCM 10569T), (xxii) Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (strain DSM 5601T), (xxiii) Streptomyces albidoflavus (strain JCM 4198T), (xxiv) Staphylococcus epidermidis, (xxv) Halotalea alkalilenta (strain AW-7T), (xxvi) Streptomyces rectiviolaceus (strain JCM 9092T), (xxvii) Micromonospora grisea (strain JCM 3182), (xxviii) Sarcina sp. (strain 2b), (xxix) Lactococcus lactis (strain not specified), (xxx) Micromonospora sp. (strain JCM 3050), (see Supplementary Table S3 for (xvi) to (xxx); Stevenson and Hallsworth, 2014 for (xxiii; xxvi; xxvii; xxx)), (xxxi) Basipetospora halophila (strain FRR 2787), (xxxii) Wallemia ichthyophaga (strain EXF-994), (xxxiii) Dunaliella salina (strain UTEX 200), (xxxiv) Polypaecilum pisce (strain FRR 2733), (xxxv) Dunaliella peircei (strain UTEX 2192), (xxxvi) Aspergillus penicilliodes (strain FRR 2612), (xxxvii) germination of Wallemia sebi (strain FRR 1473), (xxxviii) Eurotium halotolerans (strain EXF-4356), (xxxix) Halocafeteria seosinensis (strain EHF34), (xl) Dunaliella parva (strain UTEX 1983), (xli) Pleurostomum flabellatum (strain CCAP 1959/1), (xlii) Hortaea werneckii (strain EXF-225), (xliii) Euplaesiobystra hypersalinica (strain CCAP 1528/1), (xliv) Wallemia muriae (strain EXF-951), (xlv) Debaryomyces hansenii (strain DSM 70590); see Supplementary Table S2 for entries (xxxi) to (xlv), (xlvi) germination of Xeromyces bisporus (strain FRR 0025) on a watchglass in a humidity-controlled atmosphere (Pitt and Christian, 1968, xlvii) Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (strain not specified) on a high-sugar medium (von Schelhorn, 1950, xlviii) germination of Aspergillus echinulatus (strain not specified) on a watchglass in a humidity-controlled atmosphere (Snow, 1949, xlix) A. penicillioides (strain JH06THJ) (Figure 3), (l) X. bisporus (strain FRR 3443) (Figure 4), (li) Eurotium amstelodami (strains FRR 2792 and FRR 0475) on media supplemented with glycerol and other solutes (Williams and Hallsworth, 2009, lii) Eurotium chevalieri strain JH06THI (Williams and Hallsworth, 2009, liii) Xerochrysium xerophilium (formerly Chyrsosporium xerophilum Pitt et al., 2013) (strain CBS 153.67T) on a medium supplemented with glucose and fructose (Leong et al., 2011, liv) Eurotium repens (strain JH06JPD) on a medium supplemented with glycerol and other solutes (Williams and Hallsworth, 2009, lv) germination and growth of Eurotium halophilicum (strain FRR 2471) on a medium supplemented with glucose and fructose (Andrews and Pitt, 1987, lvi) germination of Aspergillus penicillioides (strain not specified) in complex substrates (Pitt and Hocking, 1977); (lvii) germination of Bettsia fastidia (formerly Chrysosporium fastidium, Pitt et al., 2013) (strain FRR 77) on a watchglass in a humidity-controlled atmosphere (Pitt and Christian, 1968, lviii) germination of W. sebi (strain FRR 1473) on a medium supplemented with glucose and fructose (Pitt and Hocking, 1977, lix) hyphal growth of B. fastidia (strain FRR 77) (Pitt and Christian, 1968; Williams and Hallsworth, 2009, lx) germination of Eurotium rubrum (strain FRR 0326) (Gock et al., 2003). For each bar, the shaded region extends to the lowest empirically determined water-activity value (see also Supplementary Tables S1–S3 and Figures 1, 2, 3, 4). Only lower water-activity limits for growth are indicated (unless spore germination is indicated); note that some of these species may be unable to grow close to a water activity of 1 (for examples, see Figure 1). The pink dashed line indicates the previously accepted water-activity limit for growth of the most halophilic Bacteria and Archaea (see Brown, 1990; Grant, 2004; Kminek et al., 2010); the yellow dashed line indicates the original water-activity limit for hyphal growth of the most xerophilic fungi (Pitt and Christian, 1968).
