Figure 3

Carbon-for-nutrient exchange between liverworts and their fungal partners. (a) Percentage allocation of plant-derived carbon to fungi within soil cores, (b) total measured plant-fixed carbon transferred to fungi in soil for liverworts with different fungal associations (Mucoromycotina-only, Glomeromycota-only and dual fungal associations; Field et al., 2012, 2015a); (c) total plant tissue ³³P content (ng) and (d) tissue concentration (ng g⁻¹) of fungal-acquired ³³P in six liverwort species with different fungal associations under 1500 p.p.m. (black bars) a[CO₂] and 440 p.p.m. (white bars) a[CO₂] (Field et al., 2012, 2015a); (e) total tissue ¹⁵N content (ng) and (f) concentration (ng g⁻¹) of fungal-acquired ¹⁵N in four liverwort species with different fungal associations (Field et al., 2015a) at both 1500 p.p.m. (black bars) and 440 p.p.m. (white bars) a[CO₂]. In all panels, error bars show ±s.e.m. Different letters represent where P<0.05 (analysis of variance, Tukey's post hoc; see Table 1). In panels (a) and (b), n=6 for all species apart from Marchantia, where n=4; (c–e) n=4, where data are available.