Figure 3

Microbial community shifts along the length of intestine in unoperated and operated fa/fa rats. Relative abundance of (a) major phyla, (b) Lactobacillus animalis, (c) Lactobacillus reuteri, (d) Lactococcus sp., (e) Bacteroides vulgatus, (f) Bacteroides acidifaciens and (g) Escherichia coli in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon of fa/+ (n=4–5), fa/fa (n=4–5), sham-operated fa/fa (n=5), DJB-treated fa/fa (n=5) and RYGB-treated fa/fa (n=5–6) rats. Data are mean±s.e.m. In a, *P<0.05, **P<0.01 for Bacteroidetes, ^#P<0.05 for Firmicutes and ^†P<0.05 for Proteobacteria. In b–g, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 versus sham in respective intestinal segments based on nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparison analysis.