Table a1 Distribution of risk factors for fetal growth restriction and neonatal morbidity, according to maternal perfluorinated acid (PFA) concentrations (ng/mL)
From: Maternal exposure to perfluorinated acids and fetal growth
Variable | PFOA, N (%) | PFHxS, N (%) | PFOS, N (%) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | <1.1 | 1.1–2.1 | >2.1 to 18 | <0.69 | 0.69–1.4 | >1.4 to 43 | <6.1 | 6.1–10 | >10 to 35 | |
Infant gender | ||||||||||
Male | 115 (45.6) | 37 (43.5) | 39 (46.4) | 39 (47.0) | 36 (42.4) | 44 (55.0) | 35 (40.2) | 39 (47.0) | 38 (45.8) | 38 (44.2) |
Female | 137 (54.4) | 48 (56.5) | 45 (53.6) | 44 (53.0) | 49 (57.7) | 36 (45.0) | 52 (59.8) | 44 (53.0) | 45 (54.2) | 48 (55.8) |
Maternal age (years) | ||||||||||
<20 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
20–24 | 10 (4.0) | 2 (2.4) | 5 (6.0) | 3 (3.6) | 2 (2.4) | 3 (3.8) | 5 (5.8) | 2 (2.4) | 3 (3.6) | 5 (5.8) |
25–29 | 88 (34.9) | 27 (31.8) | 29 (34.5) | 32 (38.6) | 30 (35.3) | 21 (26.3) | 37 (42.5) | 31 (37.4) | 25 (30.1) | 32 (37.2) |
30–34 | 111 (44.1) | 42 (49.4) | 36 (42.9) | 33 (39.8) | 36 (42.4) | 41 (51.3) | 34 (39.1) | 36 (43.4) | 41 (49.4) | 34 (39.5) |
35–39 | 40 (15.9) | 14 (16.5) | 13 (15.5) | 13 (15.7) | 17 (20.0) | 15 (18.8) | 8 (9.2) | 14 (16.9) | 13 (15.7) | 13 (15.1) |
≥40 | 3 (1.2) | — | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | — | — | 3 (3.5) | — | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.3) |
Maternal race | ||||||||||
Caucasian | 176 (69.8) | 50 (58.8) | 60 (71.4) | 66 (79.5) | 49 (57.7) | 55 (68.8) | 72 (82.8) | 40 (48.2) | 64 (77.1) | 72 (83.7) |
Asian | 28 (11.1) | 13 (15.3) | 10 (11.9) | 5 (6.0) | 15 (17.7) | 9 (11.3) | 4 (4.6) | 19 (22.9) | 6 (7.2) | 3 (3.5) |
Hispanic | 2 (0.8) | — | 2 (2.4) | — | — | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | — |
Black | 3 (1.2) | 3 (3.5) | — | — | 3 (3.5) | — | — | 3 (3.6) | — | — |
Semitic | 2 (0.8) | 1 (1.2) | — | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.3) | — | 2 (2.4) | — | — |
Filipino | 5 (2.0) | 1 (1.2) | 3 (3.6) | 1 (1.2) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.2) |
First nation | 4 (1.6) | 2 (2.4) | — | 2 (2.4) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (2.4) | — |
Oriental | 16 (6.4) | 9 (10.6) | 3 (3.6) | 4 (4.8) | 5 (5.9) | 8 (10.0) | 3 (3.5) | 6 (7.2) | 2 (2.4) | 8 (9.3) |
Unknown | 16 (6.4) | 6 (7.1) | 6 (7.1) | 4 (4.8) | 7 (8.2) | 4 (5.0) | 5 (5.8) | 8 (9.6) | 6 (7.2) | 2 (2.3) |
Gravida | ||||||||||
1 | 74 (29.4) | 17 (20.0) | 23 (27.4) | 34 (41.0) | 22 (25.9) | 22 (27.5) | 30 (34.5) | 19 (22.9) | 25 (30.1) | 30 (34.9) |
2 | 89 (35.3) | 28 (32.9) | 31 (36.9) | 30 (36.1) | 25 (29.4) | 30 (37.5) | 34 (39.1) | 29 (34.9) | 30 (36.1) | 30 (34.9) |
3 | 60 (23.8) | 30 (35.3) | 16 (19.1) | 14 (16.9) | 27 (31.8) | 17 (21.2) | 16 (18.4) | 27 (32.5) | 19 (22.9) | 14 (16.3) |
≥4 | 29 (11.5) | 10 (11.8) | 14 (16.7) | 5 (6.0) | 11 (12.9) | 11 (13.8) | 7 (8.1) | 8 (9.6) | 9 (10.8) | 12 (14.0) |
Weight >91 kg | 21 (8.3) | 8 (9.4) | 5 (6.0) | 8 (9.6) | 6 (7.1) | 9 (11.3) | 6 (6.9) | 3 (3.6) | 9 (10.8) | 9 (10.5) |
Weight <45 kg | 2 (0.8) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | — | 2 (2.4) | — | — | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | — |
Height <152 cm | 5 (2.0) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) |
Ever smoked during pregnancy | 28 (11.1) | 5 (5.9) | 14 (16.7) | 9 (10.8) | 11 (12.9) | 6 (7.5) | 11 (12.6) | 10 (12.1) | 4 (4.8) | 14 (16.3) |
