Table 1 Biomarkers employed for identification of VM vs true angiogenesis

From: Merkel cell carcinoma expresses vasculogenic mimicry: demonstration in patients and experimental manipulation in xenografts

Marker

VM

Angiogenesis

Reference

CD31

—

Endothelium

Hendrix et al12

Folberg et al47

CD144

Tumor cells

Endothelium

Hendrix et al12

Frank et al5

VEGFR-1

Tumor cells

Endothelium

Shibuya48

Vartanian et al49

Frank et al5

Nodal

Tumor cells

—

McAllister et al17

Hendrix et al50

Laminin

BM

BM

Seftor et al51

Simon-Assmann et al52

PAS

BM

BM

Folberg et al47

Maniotis et al6

  1. Abbreviations: BM, basement membrane; CD31, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; CD144, vascular endothelial-cadherin; PAS, periodic acid–Schiff; VEGFR-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1; VM, vasculogenic mimicry.
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