Figure 1 | Laboratory Investigation

Figure 1

From: Galactose protects hepatocytes against TNF-α-induced apoptosis by promoting activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in acute liver failure

Figure 1

Galactose protects mice from LPS/D-GalN-induced ALF without affecting cytokine production in serum and liver. Mice were i.p. injected with LPS (0.25 mg/kg) plus D-GalN (400 mg/kg) to induce ALF. After 5 min, galactose, glucose or fructose (1250 mg/kg) was orally administered. Mice given the same volume of double-distilled water were used as the vehicle control. (a) Survival curves of LPS/D-GalN mice treated with galactose, glucose or fructose (n=8). Survival rates were analyzed using the log-rank test. (b) Activities of ALT, AST and LDH in serum were measured 5 h after LPS/D-GalN injection. Data represent means±s.e.m. of three independent experiments (n=4). (c) Representative liver histopathology of mice treated 5 h after LPS/D-GalN injection with H&E (top) and TUNEL staining (middle and bottom). Arrows indicate TUNEL-positive hepatocytes induced by LPS/D-GalN challenge. Original magnification is × 200 or × 400. Percentage of TUNEL-positive hepatocytes summarized from the TUNEL assay. Values represent percentages from at least 1000 counted cells (n=4). Cytokine levels in serum (d) and liver (e) 3 h after LPS/D-GalN challenge, detected with CBA technology. Data represent means±s.e.m. of three independent experiments (n=4). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

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