Table 2 List of some TCS bacterial histidine kinases and their main functions

PhoQ^{145, 146}

Adaptation to acidic and low Mg²⁺ environments

DcuS¹⁴⁷

Stimulated by the presence of C4-dicarboxylates such as fumarate, succinate, malate, and tartrate

DosS,¹⁴⁸ DosT¹⁴⁹

Detect O₂, CO and NO

CitA¹⁴⁷

Detects presence of citrate

AbsF¹⁴⁷

Arabinofuranosidase sensor protein and complex carbohydrate sensor

AgrC¹⁵⁰

Autoinducing peptide (AIP) sensor to coordinate quorum sensing due to virulence factors

PhoR¹⁴⁷

Phosphate regulon sensor kinase

LuxQ¹⁴⁷

Cell density sensor kinase, which acts as an “apostate” phosphatase by inactivation of its autophosphorylation in presence of Autoinducer-2 (AI-2)

DctB¹⁴⁷

Involved in the transport of C4-dicarboxylates

ComD¹⁵¹

Competence stimulating peptide sensor

KinD¹⁴⁷

Phosphorylates the sporulation-regulatory protein Spo0F

HK29s¹⁴⁷

Uncharacterized periplasmic histidine kinase sensor domain

NarX¹⁴⁷

Sensor for nitrate/nitrite

VanS¹⁵²

Vancomycin receptor

Tar¹⁴⁷

Two aspartate binding receptor

TorS¹⁴⁷

Detects trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in anaerobic utilization

FixL¹⁵³

Oxygen sensor

TodS¹⁵⁴

Control the expression of the toluene dioxygenase pathway

RetS¹⁴⁷

Regulator of exopolysaccharide and type III secretion

CpxA¹⁵⁵

Responds to envelope stress response

EnvZ¹⁵⁶

Osmolarity sensor

CheA¹³⁵

Transmit signals from chemoreceptors