Figure 4

Ultrafast thermal cycling and DNA amplification. (a) Representative temperature profiles of 30 ultrafast photonic PCR thermal cycles from 95 °C (denaturation) to 55 °C (annealing and extension). The 5 µL of PCR buffer was covered with 20 µL of mineral oil to prevent evaporation during thermal cycling. (b) Heating and cooling rates obtained from the ultrafast photonic thermal cycling, which were 12.79±0.93 °C s⁻¹ and 6.6±0.29 °C s⁻¹, respectively. (c) 2% agarose gel results demonstrating the formation of product from the photonic PCR thermal cycler in comparison with a bench-top thermal cycler using a λ-DNA template. PCR, polymerase chain reaction.