Figure 2
From: Through-needle all-optical ultrasound imaging in vivo: a preclinical swine study
All-optical ultrasound imaging (M-mode) before (a) and after (b) the perforation of the cardiac septum. Corresponding needle tip positions were identified with a commercial intracardiac echocardiography catheter (c and d). With the needle tip positioned at the right atrial appendage wall, imaging depths extended more than 1 cm into tissue a. Cardiac motion, which manifested as slight deviations of the tissue surface relative to the needle tip, was more prominent during mechanical ventilation (diagonal bars). Immediately following perforation and entrance into the left atrium (LA), pronounced LA wall cardiac motion was readily apparent b.
