Table 1 Comparison of M-cell-related genes expressed in the villous epithelium in response to RANKL-stimulation, RANKL-stimulated in vitro intestinal organoids and in vitro M-cell-like differentiated Caco-2 cells

From: Microfold (M) cells: important immunosurveillance posts in the intestinal epithelium

Gene symbol

Gene title

Upregulated in villous epithelium by RANKL (fold change) a

Day of peak expression level

Upregulated in small intestinal organoids by RANKL in vitro (fold change) b

Upregulated in M-cell-like cells in vitro (fold change) c

Gp2

Glycoprotein 2 (zymogen granule membrane)

46.9

3

56.5

Not expressed

Spib

Spi-B transcription factor (Spi-1/PU.1 related)

31.9

2

18.5

Not expressed

Anxa5

Annexin A5

12.7

2

35.5

Unchanged

Ccl20

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20

11.3

2

158.8

8

Tnfaip2

Tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 2 (M-Sec)

7.7

2

13.9

Unchanged

Ccl9

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9

4.9

2

32.0

n/a

Prnp

Prion protein

3.7

2

60.2

Unchanged

Marcksl1

MARCKS-like 1

3.6

1

7.0

Unchanged

  1. n/a, an equivalent annotated probe set was not present on the array; MARCKS, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand.
  2. aThese data (GSE37861)2 were performed on Affymetrix mouse gene 1.0 ST expression arrays. Fold change in gene expression level at peak day when compared with controls (day 0).
  3. bThese data were performed on Agilent 4 × 44K whole-mouse genome expression arrays (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA) and equivalent gene probe sets were compared (GSE38785).15 Fold change in gene expression when compared with unstimulated control organoids.
  4. cPerformed on Affymetrix human genome U133 plus 2 expression arrays and equivalent gene probe sets were compared. Fold change in gene expression by M-cell-like differentiated Caco-2 cells when compared with undifferentiated controls (GSE25330, GSE7745).115
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