Figure 1
Morphine-induced global changes in the microbiome. (a) Phylogenetic diversity (PD) among the 16s rDNA content from animals treated with placebo, morphine, and morphine+naltrexone exhibits a trend (nonsignificant) towards reduced species richness for the morphine-treated animals. (b) Principal coordinate analysis (pCoA) of 16s rDNA content from wild-type (WT) animals implanted with placebo or morphine (circled) pellets show distinct clustering of microbiome. (c) Microbial composition of animals coimplanted with morphine and naltrexone pellets show high similarity with placebo-implanted animals, distinct from morphine-implanted animals (circled). (d) Ratio of relative abundance of annotated operational taxonomic units OTUs between placebo- and morphine-implanted animals show a net expansion of phylum Firmicutes among five major commensal phyla. Top OTUs from each family, with significant difference between placebo and morphine groups, was rendered as a heat map using interactive tree of life (iToL; itol.embl.de). (e) In this heat map, 28 out of 34 OTUs belong to phylum Firmicutes with a net preferential expansion in the morphine-treated animals (n=6 for pCoA analyses (see also Supplementary Figures S1 and S2)).
