Figure 4
Microbial transplant, immune response, and rescue. (a) Morphine treatment results in a robust interleukin-17 (IL-17) response in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and transplantation of placebo microbiome rescues the inflammatory phenotype. (b) Reconstitution of dysbiotic microbiome alone is sufficient to recapitulate most of the morphine-induced gut pathologies, including bacterial translocation across the intestinal mucosa. Systemic IL-17 response was only seen in (c) donor animals with morphine treatment and (d) both donors and recipients exhibit a systemic IL-6 response indicating proinflammatory environment in the host. In all cases (a–d), morphine-implanted animals receiving “normal” microbiota show baseline levels of IL-17 (**P<0.05 between indicated groups; ##P<0.05 compared with morphine to morphine (MM)). Also see Supplementary Figure S3.
