Table 2 Methylation densities of LINE-1 and clinicopathologic features and genetic and epigenetic alterations in 57 hepatocellular carcinomas and their adjacent nontumor liver tissue

From: Hypomethylation of long interspersed nuclear element-1 in hepatocellular carcinomas

Variable	N	Nontumor liver tissue			Hepatocellular carcinoma
		Mean	95% CI	P	Mean	95% CI	P
Patients	57	77	75–79		58	54–62	0.001^a
Age ^b
60 years and younger	12	77	70–84	1.0	66	60–73	0.2
More than 60 years	21	77	74–80		59	52–66
Sex ^b
Male	21	76	71–81	0.4	58	51–65	0.07
Female	12	79	76–81		68	61–74
Geographical location
High-risk countries	24	77	76–78	0.8	53	48–58	0.02
Low-risk country	33	77	74–80		62	56–67
Cirrhosis ^b
Absent	24	77	73–80	0.9	60	53–67	0.5
Present	31	77	75–79		57	53–61
Hepatitis ^b
Absent	18	77	72–82	0.9	65	58–72	0.01^c
Present	38	77	75–78		55	51–59
Grade
Well	7	75	64–85	0.6	68	54–82	0.05
Moderate	38	77	74–80		57	52–62
Poor	12	78	77–80		53	45–61
Stage ^b
I–II	8	75	66–84	0.5	58	48–69	0.3
III–IV	23	77	74–81		64	58–71
p53 gene mutations ^b ^, ^d
Wild type	33	77	75–80	0.7	60	55–65	0.04^e
Mutated	15	78	76–79		51	43–59
p16 methylation ^d
Absent	32	78	77–79	0.1	62	57–67	0.01
Present	25	76	72–79		53	47–58
CACNAIG methylation ^d
Absent	47	78	77–79	0.007	59	55–63	0.3
Present	10	72	63–82		53	44–62
ER methylation ^d
Absent	23	76	72–79	0.2	65	59–71	0.002
Present	34	78	76–80		53	49–58
COX-2 methylation ^d
Absent	48	78	77–79	0.002	57	52–61	0.1
Present	9	71	60–81		65	58–73
MINT31 methylation ^d
Absent	34	77	76–79	0.6	58	53–63	0.8
Present	23	76	73–80		57	51–64
MINT1 methylation ^d
Absent	43	78	77–79	0.02	58	53–62	0.7
Present	14	73	67–80		59	52–66
MINT2 methylation ^b ^, ^d
Absent	51	77	75–79	0.8	57	53–61	0.045
Present	3	78	75–81		74	50–97
MINT27 methylation ^d
Absent	50	77	75–79	0.5	58	54–62	0.8
Present	7	78	73–84		59	44–74
CIMP status ^d
Negative	9	79	76–81	0.5	71	63–80	0.006
Intermediate	29	77	76–78		56	50–61
Positive	19	76	71–81		55	49–61

^aMethylation densities of nontumor liver tissue vs hepatocellular carcinomas.
^bData unavailable for all cases.
^cAmong patients from low-risk country, mean 65 (95% CI 58–72) in hepatitis-negative patients vs 59 (52–66) in hepatitis-positive patients (P=0.26); and among patients who had hepatitis B viral infection, mean 53 (95% CI 48–58) in high-risk countries vs 63 (95% CI 51–75) in low-risk country (P=0.07).
^dp53 mutation or methylation in tumor tissue.
^eAmong patients from high-risk countries, mean 56 (95% CI 49–63) in patients who had p53-negative tumors vs 50 (41–38) in patients who had p53-positive tumors (P=0.24); and among patients from low-risk country, mean 63 (95% CI 56–69) in patients who had p53-negative tumors vs 54 (range 39–80) in patients who had p53-positive tumors (P=0.39).

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Table 2 Methylation densities of LINE-1 and clinicopathologic features and genetic and epigenetic alterations in 57 hepatocellular carcinomas and their adjacent nontumor liver tissue

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