Figure 3
From: Widespread activation of the DNA damage response in human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia
A proposed model of DNA damage response (DDR) mediated by the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)–Chk2 checkpoint in the pancreatic ductal epithelium. In response to double-strand breaks, DDR can be observed in the earliest pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions, and the increase in ATM–Chk2 expression parallels the histological progression to high-grade PanIN-3. Inactivation of p53 function at the stage of PanIN-3 and beyond is associated with bypass of the DDR checkpoint and progression to invasive cancer.
