Table 1 Classification of focal cortical dysplasia for the current study using ILAE classification19 and a variation of Palmini et al20 classification
From: The pathology of magnetic-resonance-imaging-negative epilepsy
FCD type | Criteria |
|---|---|
ILAE Ia | Isolated lesions presenting as radial dyslamination of neocortex |
ILAE Ib | Isolated lesions presenting as tangential dyslamination of neocortex |
ILAE Ic | Isolated lesions presenting as both radial and tangential dyslamination |
ILAE IIa | Isolated lesion characterized by cortical dyslamination and dysmorphic neurons without balloon cells |
ILAE IIb | Isolated lesion characterized by cortical dyslamination and dysmorphic neurons with balloon cells |
ILAE IIIa | Occurs in combination with hippocampal sclerosis |
ILAE IIIb | Occurs with epilepsy-associated tumors |
ILAE IIIc | Adjacent to vascular malformations |
ILAE IIId | In association with epileptogenic lesions acquired in early life (ie, traumatic injury, ischemic injury, or encephalitis) |
Palmini IA | Isolated architectural abnormalities (dyslamination, accompanied or not by other abnormalities of mild malformation of cortical development, or malformation of cortical development) |
Palmini IB | Architectural abnormalities, plus giant or immature, but not dysmorphic, neurons |
Palmini IIA | Architectural abnormalities with dysmorphic neurons but without balloon cells |
Palmini IIB | Architectural abnormalities with dysmorphic neurons and balloon cells |
