Figure 5
Model-based analysis of ketamine-induced changes in brain activity (a) Brain regions reflecting confidence-modulated choice temperature (βm). (b) Brain regions reflecting confidence-modulated learning rate (αm). Colored clusters show significant correlation in the placebo session (positive in dark blue, negative in light blue) and significant difference between placebo and ketamine sessions (in orange). All clusters survived a statistical threshold of P<0.05 after family wise error correction for multiple comparisons. Coordinates of anatomical slices are given in Montreal Neurological Institute space. (c) Hemodynamic response to cue onset in the dmPFC as a function of confidence bins or as a function of time (trial number, pooled across blocks) (for illustrative purpose). (d) Hemodynamic response to outcome onset in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex as a function of confidence bins or as a function of time (trial number, pooled across blocks) (for illustrative purpose), shown separately for confirmatory and contradictory outcomes. Placebo data are in blue, ketamine data are in red, pooled data are in violet. Bold lines represent means; color-delimited areas represent inter-subject s.e.m (corrected for the variance across subject: the grand mean of each subject was removed from its data before computing s.e.m.).
