Table 2 PET studies of D2/D3 receptor availability in healthy humans after ketamine infusion compared to control condition
Study | Ketamine | Ketamine dose and route of administration | Duration of administration | Ligand | Radiotracer administration | Study design | Region of interest | Na | (Plasma mean±s.e.m.; ng ml−1) | Result: change in D2/D3 receptor availability after ketamine infusion compared to control condition b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aalto et al.45 | Racemic | Infusion=0.80 mg kg−1c | Infusion 15 mins prior to scan till the end of scan | [11C]raclopride | Infusion | Control group: baseline and repeat scan Ketamine group: baseline and ketamine administration | Caudate, putamen, Str | 8/8 | 293±29 | ↔ |
Aalto et al.44 | Racemic | Infusion 325.5±57.5 ng ml−1 | Infusion 15 mins prior to scan- till the end of scan | [11C]FLB 457 | Infusion | Control group: baseline and repeat scan Ketamine group: baseline and ketamine administration | Ct regions, Thal | 8/8 | 325.5±57.5 | ↓Posterior cingulate ct ↔ (other regions) |
Breier et al.41 | Racemic | 0.12 mg kg−1 (bolus) and 0.65 mg kg−1 (infusion)/hour=0.88 | Bolus 50 mins after tracer and 1 hour infusion | [11C]raclopride | Bolus & infusion | Control group: baseline and saline Ketamine group: baseline and ketamine administration | Str | 6/9 | NA | ↓(11%) |
Kegeles et al.47 | Racemic | 0.12 mg kg−1 bolus and 0.65 mg kg−1h−1=0.88 | Bolus 50 mins after start of scan and 70 mins infusion | [11C]raclopride | Bolus & infusion | Control group: baseline and saline Ketamine group: baseline and ketamine administration | Str subregions | 5/5 | 140±53 | ↔ |
Kegeles et al.46 | Racemic | 0.2 mg kg−1 bolus and 0.4 mg kg−1h−1=1.00 | Bolus 120 mins after tracer and 4 h infusion | [123I]IBZM | Bolus & constant infusion | Baseline scan and ketamine administration – within subject | Str | 8 | 191±38 | ↔ |
Vernaleken et al.94 | S-ketamine | 0.097 mg kg−1 bolus and 0.25 mg/ml infusion | 35 mins before start of scan infusion was started. Infusion was continued for 30 mins | [18F]-fallypride | Bolus & constant infusion | Placebo/ketamine – within subject | Caudate nucleus, putamen, Thal, ITG, dlPFC | 10 | NA | ↑(Caudate nucleus) ↔ (other region) |
Smith et al.42 | Racemic | 0+1.5 mg kg−1h−1=0.50 | Infusion over 20 mins | [11C]raclopride | Infusion | Baseline scan and ketamine administration – within subject | Str | 7 | NA | ↓ (14%) |
Vollenweider et al.43 | S-ketamine | 0.21+0.84/hour=1.47 | Bolus over 5 min | [11C]raclopride | Bolus | Placebo/ketamine – within subject | Caudate nucleus, putamen and VS | 8 | NA | ↓ (14%) |
