Extended Data Figure 3: After-effects during washout blocks.
After 600 (monkey J) or 400 (monkey L) trials using the perturbed mapping, we re-introduced the intuitive mapping to observe any after-effects of learning. We measured the after-effect as the size of the performance impairment at the beginning of the washout block in the same way that we measured the performance impairment at the beginning of the perturbation block. A larger after-effect indicates more learning had occurred in response to the perturbation. For monkey J (left), the after-effect was significantly larger for within-manifold perturbations (red) than for outside-manifold perturbations (blue) (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P < 10−3). For monkey L (right), the trend is in the same direction as monkey J, but the effect did not achieve significance (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P > 0.05). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that relatively little learning occurred during the outside-manifold perturbations in comparison to the within-manifold perturbations. Number of within-manifold perturbations, n = 27 (monkey J), 14 (monkey L); outside-manifold perturbations, n = 33 (monkey J), 15 (monkey L).
