Extended Data Figure 8: Acetate drives GSIS via parasympathetic activation.
From: Acetate mediates a microbiome–brain–β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome
a, b, Plasma glucose and glucose infusion rate during a hyperglycaemic clamp in rats treated with ICV acetate. c, Plasma insulin AUC. d, Plasma glucagon. e, f, Plasma acetate and whole-body acetate turnover in rats treated with systemic intra-arterial acetate and ICV methylatropine. g, h, Plasma glucose and glucose infusion rate during a hyperglycaemic clamp. i, Plasma insulin AUC during the clamp. j, k, Plasma and brain tissue acetate in rats given an injection of acetate into the nucleus tractus solitarius. l, m, Plasma glucose and glucose infusion rate during a hyperglycaemic clamp. n, Plasma insulin AUC during the clamp. o, Plasma glucagon. In all panels, data are the mean ± s.e.m. of n = 6 animals per group, with comparisons by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test (a–i) or two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test (j–o). In b–d, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 versus controls; §§P < 0.01, §§§P < 0.001 versus ICV acetate-treated rats by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. In e–i, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 versus controls; §§§P < 0.001, §§§§P < 0.0001 versus acetate-infused rats.
