Extended Data Figure 2: HFD-fed rats exhibit increased gut acetate production.
From: Acetate mediates a microbiome–brain–β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome
a, Plasma triglycerides. b, HOMA-IR. c, Dietary acetate concentrations. n = 2 replicates per diet. d, Faecal acetate normalized to dry weight. e–g, Plasma propionate, whole-body propionate turnover, and faecal propionate concentrations. h–j, Plasma butyrate, whole-body butyrate turnover, and faecal butyrate concentrations. k, [13C]acetate enrichment in plasma of rats fed [13C]bicarbonate-labelled food and water. l, [U-13C]acetate from faeces incubated in [U-13C]glucose or fatty acids. m, In vitro acetate production rate from faeces incubated in [U-13C]glucose or fatty acids. n, In vitro acetate production rate in control, boiled, and UV-irradiated faecal samples. ****P < 0.0001 versus control. o, In vitro faecal acetate production following treatment with antibiotics. Unless otherwise specified, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 versus chow-fed rats; §§P < 0.01 versus 3-day HFD-fed rats by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. In k, data were compared by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test. In l–o, data are the mean ± s.e.m. of n = 4 per group, with comparisons to controls via two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test (n). Unless otherwise specified, n = 6 replicates per group.
