Extended Data Figure 2: Phenotypic scoring.

a, Mandible categories. b, Tibia categories. c, Spermatheca diameters of virgin queens, in vitro bees and hive-reared workers. d, Ovary diameters of virgin queens, in vitro bees and hive-reared workers. e, Stinger angles of virgin queens, in vitro bees and hive-reared workers. f, Parameters quantified in workers, queens and in vitro-raised honeybees.