Extended Data Figure 7: Gauge action difference.
From: Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics
The plot shows bQ as defined in equation (2) from pure gauge theory simulations on 8 × 163 lattices at temperature T = 5Tc. The different points correspond to independent simulation streams and different topological sectors. A good fit can be obtained assuming ergodicity and that the action difference scales linearly with the topological charge, see equation (5). The horizontal lines correspond to this fit at the given Q values and the reduced χ2 is shown at top right. Error bars are s.e.m. and smaller than the symbols.
