Extended Data Figure 4: Effects of LUI on total β-diversity above- and belowground.

a, c, e, Partial effects of mean LUI and ΔLUI, between plot pairs, on total β-diversity (a, Sørensen q = 0; c, Morisita q = 1; e, Morisita–Horn q = 2) for seven aboveground and five belowground groups from linear models. Negative effects of mean LUI indicate that land-use intensification reduces β-diversity. The bars show coefficients from the models. Numbers adjoining bars are the proportion of explained variance uniquely explained by mean LUI or ΔLUI. b, d, f, Results from the GDMs are shown for total β-diversity (b, Sørensen q = 0; d, Morisita q = 1; f, Morisita–Horn q = 2) for the same trophic groups. The figures show the effect of differences in LUI on β-diversity (calculated between all plot pairs). Effects of differences in LUI can vary nonlinearly along the gradient of LUI. Higher maximum curves indicate larger effects of differences in LUI on β-diversity. The values in the legend are the percentage of deviance that is explained uniquely by LUI. Effects of both linear models and GDMs are corrected for other drivers of β-diversity, and response and explanatory variables are scaled to allow comparisons across trophic groups (n = 105 plots; for details see Methods).