Extended Data Figure 1: Maternal vancomycin-treatment prevented induction of behavioural abnormalities in MIA offspring.

a, USV index (n = 27, 29 (PBS; male, female); n = 28, 21 (poly(I:C); male, female); 6 independent experiments). b, c, Total investigation time (b) and total distance travelled (c) during the sociability test (n = 13, 15 (vehicle; PBS, poly(I:C)); n = 12, 16 (vancomycin; PBS, poly(I:C)); 3–4 independent experiments). d, Schematic of the experimental design. e, f, Quantification of SATB2⁺ cells (e) in the cortex divided into ten equal bins representing different depths of the cortex or of the cortical patch size (f) in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) (n = 3, 4 (PBS; vehicle, vancomycin); n = 3, 4 (poly(I:C); vehicle, vancomycin); 2 independent experiments). g, Flow cytometry of CD4⁺ T cells (gated on TCRβ⁺CD4⁺) stained intracellularly for IL-17a and RORγt. Mononuclear cells were collected at E14.5 from the ilea of poly(I:C)-treated mice with/without vancomycin treatment; representative FACS plot from 3 independent experiments. h, qPCR analysis measuring relative SFB levels in C57BL/6 mice before/after vancomycin treatments (n = 4–5 per group). i, Representative s.e.m. images of epithelial surfaces in the ilea of the vehicle-/vancomycin-treated mice from 2 independent experiments. Scale bars, 30 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 calculated by two-way (a, e) and one-way (b, c, f) ANOVA with Tukey post hoc tests. NS, not significant. Graphs indicate mean ± s.e.m.

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