Table 1 Whole genome shotgun sequenced Manihot accessions

M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia. Brazilian accessions of the wild progenitor species of cassava. 10 sequenced, 10 distinct.

“M. flabellifolia”

Brazil

FLA 496-1

Brazil^a

FLA 449-1

Brazil^a

FLA 503-2

Brazil^a

FLA 433-2

Brazil^a

FLA 490-1

Brazil^a

FLA 444-1

Brazil^a

FLA 502-1

Brazil^a

FLA 488-1

Brazil^a

FLA XXX-15

Unknown^c

South American cassava cultivars intended to represent the diversity of the original domestication of cassava (including the AM560-2 reference accession). 7 sequenced, 7 distinct.

AM560-2

Colombia

CM 507-37

Colombia

MCOL22

Colombia⁴²

BRA 856

Brazil^a

MBRA 685

Brazil⁴²

CM 3306-4

Colombia⁴³

MCOL 1468

Brazil⁴³

African landraces and improved accessions nominally derived from the original cassava germplasm transferred to Africa, and recent African breeding improvement. 20 sequenced, 16 distinct.

Albert

Tanzania and Kenya⁴⁴

Akena

Uganda⁴⁵

Mkombozi

Tanzania and Kenya⁴⁴

TME204 (TME419)

Uganda; Togo; Nigeria²³

Nachinyaya

Tanzania²³

Kibaha

Tanzania

Muzege

Tanzania^b

EBW-2 (EBW-A)

Uganda⁴⁶; Kenya and Uganda⁴⁴

NDL06/132

Tanzania²³

TME3 (TME7, TME14K)

Nigeria⁴⁷; Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania⁴⁴

Kiroba

Tanzania²³

TME117

Nigeria⁴⁷

Kibandameno

Tanzania and Kenya⁴⁴

60444

West Africa⁴⁸

Aulizaye Mjinga

Tanzania

KBH 2006/18

Kenya

Asian and Asian Pacific cassava varieties from China, Australia, Fiji, and Vanuatu. In addition, our analysis includes KU50 from Thailand²⁷. 12 sequenced, 10 distinct.

SC8

China

Merelesita

Fiji

UnkAus (TMS-I50395/Unk)

Australia

Me001Vu

Vanuatu

SMI150

Australia

Me002Vu

Vanuatu

Avoca

Australia

Me003Vu

Vanuatu

Nadelei(B) (Nadelei(U))

Fiji

Me004Vu

Vanuatu

Mixed crosses. Improved varieties known to be derived from intentional crosses between wild, South American, African, and/or Asian varieties. 4 sequenced, 4 distinct.

TMS-I30572

Tanzania/Brazil

AR 40-6

Nigeria/Thailand²³

TMS-I972205

Tanzania/Brazil/Nigeria

AR 37-80

Nigeria/Thailand²³

Other Manihot, including M. glaziovii (Ceará rubber tree); M. pseudoglaziovii, another nominally distinct tree species from Brazil; and “tree” cassava, presumed to be an M. glaziovii–M. esculenta hybrid¹⁸. In addition, our analysis includes the “wild cassava” W14 from Wang et al.²⁷, which we identified as M. glaziovii. 5 sequenced, 5 distinct.

M. glaziovii(R)

Tanzania

M. pseudoglaziovii

PSE XXX-1

Unknown^c

M. glaziovii(S)

Tanzania

Tree Cassava

Tanzania

M. glaziovii GLA XXX-8

Unknown^c