Abstract
Here we describe the production of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the product of the gene associated with cystic fibrosis, in the milk of transgenic mice. Mammary specific expression was achieved by placing the CFTR cDNA under the control of the goat β-casein gene promoter. By fractionation, CFTR was shown to be associated with the membranes that envelop milk fat globules as they are discharged from the apical surface of the mammary epithelia. Since milk fat globules may comprise up to 10% of whole milk, this represents a novel, inexpensive and efficient approach to produce CFTR and possibly other membrane-associated proteins. The availability of large quantities of CFTR could have important implications for the development of new therapies for cystic fibrosis.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kerem, B.-S., Rommens, J.M., Buchanan, J.A., Markiewicz, D., Cox, T.K., Chakravarti, A., Buchwald, M. and Tsui, L.-C. 1989. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: genetic analysis. Science 245: 1073–1080.
Riordan, J., Rommens, J.M., Kerem, B.-S., Alon, N., Rozmahel, R., Grzelczack, Z., Zielenski, J., Lok, S., Plavsic, N., Chou, J.-L., Drumm, M.L., lannuzi, M.C., Collins, F.S. and Tsui, L.-C. 1989. Identifica-tion of the cystic fibrosis gene: cloning and characterization of the complementary DNA. Science 245: 1059–1065.
Rommens, J.M., lannuzi, M.C., Kerem, B.-S., Drumm, M.L., Melmer, G., Dean, M., Rozmahel, R., Cole, J.L., Kennedy, D., Hidaka, N., Zsiga, M., Buchwald, M., Riordan, J.R., Tsui, L.-C. and Collins, F.S. 1989. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science 245: 1059–1065.
Cutting, G.R., Kasch, L.M., Rosenstein, B.J., Zielenski, J., Tsui, L.-C., Antonarkis, S.E. and Kazanian, H.H., Jr 1990. A cluster of cystic fibrosis mutations in the first nucleotide binding fold of the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator protein. Nature 346: 366–369.
Dean, M., White, M.B., Amos, J., Gerrard, B., Stewart, C., Khaw, K.T. and Leppert, M. 1990. Multiple mutations in highly conserved residues are found in mildly affected cystic fibrosis patients. Cell 61: 863–870.
Kerem, B.-S., Zielenski, J., Markiewicz, D., Bozon, D., Gazit, E., Yahaf, J., Kennedy, D., Riordan, J.R., Colins, F.S., Rommens, J.R. and Tsui, L.-C. 1990. Identification of mutations in regions corresponding to the two putative nucleotide (ATP)-binding folds of the cystic fibrosis gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 8447–8451.
Kobayashi, K., Knowles, M.R., Boucher, R.C., O'Brien, W.E. and Beaudet, A.L. 1990. Benign missense variations in the cystic fibrosis gene. Am. J., Hum. Genet. 47: 611–615.
White, M.B., Amos, J., Hsu, J.M.C., Gerrard, B., Finn, P. and Dean, M. 1990. A frame-shift mutation in the cystic fibrosis gene. Nature 322: 467–470.
Devoto, M., Ronchetto, P., Fanen, P., Telleria Orriols, J.J., Romeo, G., Goossens, M., Ferrari, M., Magnani, C., Seva, M. and Cremonesi, L. 1991. Screening for non-delta F508 mutations in five exons of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene in Italy. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48: 1127–1132.
Zielenski, J., Bozon, D., Kerem, B., Markiewicz, D., Durie, P., Rom-mens, J.M. and Tsui, L.-C. 1991. Identification of mutations in exons 1 through 8 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Genomics 10: 229–235.
Gregory, R.J., Cheng, S.H., Rich, D.P., Marshall, J., Paul, S., Hehir, K., Ostedgaard, L., Klinger, K.W., Welsh, M.J. and Smith, A.E. 1990. Expression and characterization of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Nature 347: 382–386.
Rich, D.P., Anderson, M.P., Gregory, R.J., Cheng, S.H., Paul, S., Jefferson, D.M., McCann, J.D., Klinger, K.W., Smith, A.E. and Welsh, M.J. 1990. Expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator corrects defective chloride channel regulation in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Nature 347: 358–363.
Drumm, M.L., Pope, H.A., Cliff, W.H., Rommens, J.M., Marvin, S.A., Tsui, L.-C., Collins, F.S., Frizzel, R.A. and Wilson, J.M. 1990. Correction of cystic fibrosis defect in vitro by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Cell 62: 1227–1233.
Anderson, M.P., Gregory, R.J., Thompson, S., Souza, D.W., Paul, S., Mulligan, R.C., Smith, A.E. and Welsh, M.J. 1991. Demonstration the CFTR is a chloride channel by alteration of its anion selectivity. Science 253: 202–205.
Cheng, S.H., Gregory, R.J., Marshall, J., Paul, S., Souza, D.W., White, G.A., O'Riordan, C.R. and Smith, A.E. 1990. Defective intracellular transport and processing is the molecular basis of most cystic fibrosis. Cell 63: 827–834.
Cheng, S.H., Rich, D.P., Marshall, J., Gregory, R.J., Welsh, M.J. and Smith, A.E. 1991. Phosphorylation of the R domain by cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulates the CFTR chloride channel. Cell 66: 1027–1036.
Gregory, R.J., Rich, D.P., Cheng, S.H., Souza, D.W., Paul, S., Manavalan, P., Anderson, M.P., Welsh, M.J. and Smith, A.E. 1991. Maturation and function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator variants bearing mutations in putative nucleotide-binding domains 1 and 2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 3886–3893.
Rich, D.P., Gregory, R.J., Anderson, M.P., Manavalan, P., Smith, A.E. and Welsh, M.J. 1991. Effect of deleting the R domain on CFTR-generated chloride channels. Science 235: 205–207.
Anderson, M.P., Rich, D.P., Gregory, R.J., Smith, A.E. and Welsh, M.J. 1991. Generation of cAMP activated chloride currents by expres-sion of CFTR. Science 251: 679–682.
Kartner, N., Hanrahan, J.W., Jensen, T.J., Naismith, A.L., Sun, S., Ackerley, C.A., Reyes, E.F., Tsui, L.C., Rommens, J.M., Bear, C.E. and Riordan, J.R. 1991. Expression of the cystic fibrosis gene in non-epithelial invertebrate cells produce a regulated anion conduc-tance. Cell 64: 681–692.
Tabcharani, J.A., Chang, X.B., Riordan, J.R. and Hanrahan, J.W. 1991. Phosphorylation-regulated CI− channel in CHO cells stably expressing the cystic fibrosis gene. Nature 352: 628–631.
Anderson, M.P., Herbert, B.A., Rich, D.P., Gregory, R.J., Smith, A.E. and Welsh, M.J. 1991. Nucleotide triphosphates regulate the CFTR chloride channel. Cell In press.
Patton, S. and Keenan, T.W. 1975. The milk fat globule membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 415: 273–309.
Keenan, T.W., Franke, W.W., Mather, J.H. and Morre, D.J. 1978. Endomembrane composition and function in milk formation, p. 401–436. In: Lactation. B. A. Larson (Ed.). Academic Press, Inc., New York.
Sasaki, M., Eigel, W.N. and Keenan, T.W. 1978. Lactose and major milk proteins are present in secretory vesicles from mammary gland. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75: 5020–5024.
Denman, J., Hayes, M., O'Day, C., Edmunds, T., Bartlett, C., Hirani, S., Ebert, K.M., Gordon, K. and McPherson, J.M. 1991. Transgenic expression of a variant of human tissue-type plasminogen activator in goat's milk. Purification and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. Bio/Technology 9: 839–843.
Ebert, K.M., Selgrath, J.P., DiTullio, P., Denman, J., Memom, M.A., Schindler, J.E., Monastersky, G.M., Vitale, J. and Gordon, K. 1991. Transgenic production of a variant of human tissue-type plasminogen activator in goat milk. Generation of transgenic goats and analysis of expression. Bio/Technology 9: 835–838.
Imam, A., Laurence, D.J.R. and Neville, A.M. 1981. Isolation and characterization of a major glycoprotein from milk fat globule membrane of human breast milk. Biochem. J. 193: 47–54.
Patton, S. and Huston, G.E. 1986. A method for isolation of milk fat globules. Lipids 21: 170–174.
Yoshimura, M., Banerjee, M.R. and Oka, T. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding mouse beta casein. Nucl. Acids Res. 14: 8224.
Cleveland, D.W., Fisher, S.G., Kirschner, M.W. and Laemmli, U.K. 1977. Peptide mapping by limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulphate by gel electrophoresis. J. Biol. Chem. 25: 1102–1106.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
DiTullio, P., Cheng, S., Marshall, J. et al. Production of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator in the Milk of Transgenic Mice. Nat Biotechnol 10, 74–77 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0192-74
Received:
Accepted:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0192-74