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Shifting emphasis from pharmacogenomics to theragnostics

Nature Biotechnology volume 24, pages 942–946 (2006)Cite this article

What will be the role of theragnostic patents in upstream and downstream biomarker research?

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Figure 1: Hierarchy of biomarkers and their integration into theragnostic tests, from gene sequence (upstream or static marker) to downstream (dynamic) markers on gene and protein expression or cellular metabolites.

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Acknowledgements

All authors contributed to the ideas, critique and synthesis of the data discussed in the present review, as well as the specific considerations involving the role of gene patents on theragnostic tests and nuanced distinctions among different types of biomarkers. The concepts and ideas presented in the present analyses were developed and contextualized during the 2005 Canadian Bioethics Society Annual Meeting in Halifax, Nova Scotia (V.O. and B.W.-J.), a research sabbatical (C.R.) and interdisciplinary collaborative efforts led by the Working Group on Personalized Medicine in Major Psychosis (S.J.G., J.B.L. and M.T.T.) at the Center for Behavioral Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, UCSD.

Supported in part by research grants from the VISN 22 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (V.O.), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal (B.W.-J.) and a Merit Review operating grant from the Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development (C.R.). The funding sources had no role in the analyses, synthesis or critique of the data.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Southern California Institute for Research and Education and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Biomarker and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    Vural Ozdemir & Christopher Reist

  2. Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VISN 22, Long Beach, San Diego,

    Vural Ozdemir, James B Lohr & Christopher Reist

  3. Los Angeles

    Vural Ozdemir, James B Lohr & Christopher Reist

  4. Groupe de recherche en bioéthique & Département de médicine sociale et préventive, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

    Bryn Williams-Jones

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

    Stephen J Glatt, Ming T Tsuang & James B Lohr

  6. Psychopharmacology Research Initiatives Center of Excellence, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

    James B Lohr

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  1. Vural Ozdemir
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  5. James B Lohr
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  6. Christopher Reist
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Ozdemir, V., Williams-Jones, B., Glatt, S. et al. Shifting emphasis from pharmacogenomics to theragnostics. Nat Biotechnol 24, 942–946 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0806-942

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