Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Research Paper
  • Published:

Expression in Escherichia coli of a Chemically Synthesized Gene for Biologically Active Bovine Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor

Abstract

A gene encoding bovine acidic fibroblast growth factor has been chemically synthesized, cloned and expressed as a biologically active protein in Escherichia coli. The 440 base pair gene was assembled by enzymatic ligation of 16 oligonucleotides and cloned into a pBR322–derived expression plasmid downstream of the hybrid tac promoter. Expressed recombinant mitogen comigrated with the native bovine brain–derived protein as detected by Western blot immunological analysis. The expression product of the synthetic gene has been purified to apparent homogeneity and demonstrates a mitogenic activity for Balb/c 3T3 cells in the presence of heparin equivalent to the brain–derived mitogen. These results demonstrate the feasibility of expressing large amounts of functional acidic fibroblast growth factor in bacteria and provide a system for site–specific mutagenesis of the protein.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Esch, F., Baird, A., Ling, N., Ueno, N., Hill, F., Denoroy, L., Klepper, R., Gospodarowicz, D., Bohlen, P., and Guillemin, R. 1985. Primary structure of bovine pituitary basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and comparison with the amino-terminal sequence of bovine brain acidic FGF. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 6507–6511.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Huang, J.S., Huang, S.S., and Kuo, M.-D. 1986. Bovine brain derived growth factor, purification and characterization of its interaction with the responsive cells. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 11600–11607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Walicke, P., Cowan, W. M., Ueno, N., Baird, A., and Guillemin, R. 1986. Fibroblast growth factor promotes survival of dissociated hippocampal neurons and enhances neurite extension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 3012–3016.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Morrison, R.S., Sharma, A., de Vellis, J., and Bradshaw, R.A. 1986. Basic fibroblast growth factor supports the survival of cerebral cortical neurons in primary culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 7537–7541.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Thomas, K.A., Rios-Candelore, M., Gimenez-Gallego, G., DiSalvo, J., Bennett, C., Rodkey, J., and Fitzpatrick, S. 1985. Pure brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor is a potent angiogenic vascular endothelial cell mitogen with sequence homology to interleukin 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 6409–6413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lobb, R.R., Alderman, E.M., and Fett, J.W. 1985. Induction of angiogenesis by bovine class 1 heparin-binding growth factor. Biochemistry 24: 4969–4973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Thomas, K.A., Rios-Candelore, M., and Fitzpatrick, S. 1984. Purification and characterization of acidic fibroblast growth factor from bovine brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 357–361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lemmon, S.K. and Bradshaw, R.A. 1983. Purification and partial characterization of bovine fibroblast growth factor. J. Cell Biochem. 21: 195–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bohlen, P., Baird, A., Esch, F., Ling, N., and Gospodarowicz, D. 1984. Isolation and partial molecular characterization of pituitary fibroblast growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 5364–5368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Lobb, R.R. and Fett, J.W. 1984. Purification of two distinct growth factors from bovine neural tissue by heparin affinity chromatography. Biochemistry 23: 6295–6299.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Gospodarowicz, D., Cheng, J., Ge-Ming, L., Baird, A., and Bohlen, P. 1984. Isolation of brain fibroblast growth factor by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography: identity with pituitary fibroblast growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 6963–6967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Maciag, T., Mehlman, T., Freisel, R., and Schreiber, A. 1984. Heparin binds endothelial cell growth factor, the principal endothelial cell mitogen in bovine brain. Science 225: 932–935.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Gimenez-Gallego, G., Conn, G., Hatcher, V.B., and Thomas, K.A. 1986. Human brain-derived acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors: Amino terminal sequences and specific mitogenic activities. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 135: 541–548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Schreiber, A.B., Kenney, J., Kowalski, J., Thomas, K.A., Gimenez-Gallego, G., Rios-Candelore, M., DiSalvo, J., Barritault, D., Courty, J., Courtois, Y., Moenner, M., Loret, C., Burgess, W. H., Mehlman, T., Friesel, R., Johnson, W., and Maciag, T. 1985. A unique family of endothelial cell polypeptide mitogens: The antigenic and receptor cross-reactivity of bovine endothelial cell growth factor, brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor and eye-derived growth factor II. J. Cell Biol. 101: 1623–1626.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Baird, A., Esch, F., Gospodarowicz, D., and Guillemin, R. 1985. Retina- and eye-derived endothelial cell growth factors: Partial molecular characterization and identity with acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors. Biochemistry 24: 7855–7860.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. D'Amore, P.A. and Klagsbrun, M. 1984. Endothelial cell mitogens derived from retina and hypothalamus: Biochemical and biological similarities. J. Cell Biol. 99: 1545–1549.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lobb, R., Sasse, J., Sullivan, R., Shing, Y., D'Amore, P., Jacobs, J., and Klagsbrun, M. 1986. Purification and characterization of heparin-binding endothelial cell growth factors. J. Biol. Chem. 261: 1924–1928.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Pettmann, B., Weibel, M., Sensenbrenner, M., and Labourdette, G. 1985. Purification of two astroglial growth factors from bovine brain. FEBS Lett. 189: 102–108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Crabb, J.W., Armes, L.G., Carr, S.A., Johnson, C.M., Roberts, G.D., Bordali, R.S., and McKeehan, W.L. 1986. Complete primary structure of prostatropin, a prostate epithelial cell growth factor. Biochemistry 25: 4988–4993.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gimenez-Gallego, G., Rodkey, J., Bennett, C., Rios-Candelore, M., DiSalvo, J., and Thomas, K.A. 1985. Brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor: Complete amino acid sequence and homologies. Science 230: 1385–1388.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Esch, F., Ueno, N., Baird, A., Hill, F., Denoroy, L., Ling, N., Gospodarowicz, D., and Guillemin, R. 1985. Primary structure of bovine brain acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 133: 544–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Strydom, D.J., Harper, J.W., and Lobb, R.R. 1986. Amino acid sequence of bovine brain-derived class 1 heparin-binding growth factor. Biochemistry 25: 945–951.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Thomas, K.A. and Gimenez-Gallego, G. 1986. Fibroblast growth factors: broad spectrum mitogens with potent angiogenic activity. Trends. Biochem. Sci. 11: 81–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bohlen, P., Esch, F., Baird, A., Jones, K.L., and Gospodarowicz, D. 1985. Human brain fibroblast growth factor, isolation and partial chemical characterization. FEBS Lett. 185: 177–181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gimenez-Gallego, G., Conn, G., Hatcher, V.B., and Thomas, K.A. 1986. The complete amino acid sequence of human brain-derived acidic fibroblast growth factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 138: 611–617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jaye, M., Howk, R., Burgess, G.A., Ricca, W., Chiu, I.-M., Ravera, M.W., O'Brien, S.J., Modi, W.S., Maciag, T., and Drohan, W.N. 1986. Human endothelial cell growth factor: Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and chromosome localization. Science 233: 541–l545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Abraham, J.A., Mergia, A., Whang, J.L., Tumolo, A., Friedman, J., Hjerrild, K.A., Gospodarowicz, D., and Fiddes, J.C. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of a bovine clone encoding the angiogenic protein, basic fibroblast growth factor. Science 233: 545–548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Grantham, R., Gautier, C., Gouy, M., Jacobzone, M., and Mercier, R. 1981. Codon catalog usage is a genome strategy modulated for gene expressivity. Nucl. Acids Res. 9: r43–r75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Maxam, A.M. and Gilbert, W. 1980. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol 65: 499–560.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. deBoer, H.A., Comstock, L.J., and Vasser, M. 1983. The tac promoter: A functional hybrid derived from the trp and lac promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 21–25.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Amman, E., Brosius, J., and Ptashne, M. 1983. Vectors bearing a hybrid trp-lac promoter useful for regulated expression of cloned genes in Escherichia coli . Gene 25: 167–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Roberts, D.M., Crea, R., Malecha, M., Alvarado-Urbina, G., Chiarello, R.H., and Watterson, D.M. 1985. Chemical synthesis and expression of a calmodulin gene designed for site-specific mutagenesis. Biochemistry 24: 5090–5098.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Vieira, J. and Messing, J. 1982. The pUC plasmids, an M13mp7- derived system for insertion mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers. Gene 19: 259–268.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Shine, J. and Dalgarno, L. 1974. The 3′ terminal sequence of the Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA: complementarity to nonsense triplets and ribosome binding sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 1342–1346.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Thornton, S.C., Mueller, S.N., and Levine, E.M. 1983. Human endothelial cells: use of heparin in cloning and long-term serial cultivation. Science 222: 623–625.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Schreiber, A.B., Kenney, J., Kowalski, W.J., Friesel, R., Mehlman, T., and Maciag, T. 1985. Interaction of endothelial cell growth factor with heparin: Characterization by receptor and antibody recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 6138–6142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Terranova, V.P., DiFlorio, R., Lyall, R.M., Hic, S., Friesel, R., and Maciag, T. 1985. Human endothelial cells are chemotactic to endothelial cell growth factor and heparin. J. Cell Biol. 101: 2330–2334.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Thomas, K., Gimenez-Gallego, G., DiSalvo, J., Linemeyer, D., Kelly, L., Menke, J., Mellin, T., and Busch, R. 1987. Structure and Activities of Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor, p. 9–12. In: Angiogenesis, Mechanisms and Pathobiology (Current Communications in Molecular Biology). Rifkin, D. B. and Klagsbrun, M. (eds.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bolivar, F., Rodriguez, R.L., Greene, P.J., Betlach, M.C., Heynecker, H.L., Boyer, H.W., Crosa, J.H., and Falkow, S. 1977. Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles. II. A multipurpose cloning system. Gene 2: 95–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Yanisch-Perron, C., Vieira, J., and Messing, J. 1985. Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains: nucleotide sequences of the M13mpl8 and pUC19 vectors. Gene 33: 103–119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Low, B. 1968. Formation of merodiploids in matings with a class of Rec recipient strains of Escherichia coli . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 60: 160–167.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Matteucci, M.D. and Caruthers, M.H. 1981. Synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides on a polymer support. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103: 3185–3191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Beaucage, S.L. and Caruthers, M.H. 1981. Deoxynucleoside phosphoramidites—A new class of key intermediates for deoxypolynucleotide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1859–1862.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F., and Sambrook, J. 1982. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Towbin, H., Staehelin, T., and Gordon, J. 1979. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 4350–4354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Linemeyer, D., Kelly, L., Menke, J. et al. Expression in Escherichia coli of a Chemically Synthesized Gene for Biologically Active Bovine Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor. Nat Biotechnol 5, 960–965 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0987-960

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0987-960

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing