Supplementary Figure 1: Healthy human myelo-erythroid cells are reproducibly suppressed by AML co-transplantation.

(a–g) Experimental design (a), representative FACS plots (b,d,f) and quantification (c,e,g) of human populations in xenograft BM following healthy human HSPC transplantation alone or together with human AML. Data points represent group averages from n = 5 (e) or n = 6 (c,g) independent experiments. (h) Absolute BM cell number recovered by mechanical dissociation. Data points represent independent xenografted mice from 2 experiments (precise n values indicated in the figure). Findings are representative of 6 experiments. (i–l) Experimental design (i), representative FACS plots (j) and quantification (k,l) of healthy human CD45⁺CD33⁺ populations in xenograft BM following healthy human HSPC transplantation alone or together with human AML. (k) n = 37 (alone) and n = 35 (with AML) independent xenografted mice pooled from 6 experiments. (l) Data points represent group averages from n = 6 independent experiments. (m–o) Experimental design (m) to compare competitive BM repopulation between HSPCs from two healthy human donors (analyzed in n,o). Constant cell doses from human Donor A were competitively transplanted against escalating doses of competitor cells from human Donor B. (n,o) FACS quantification of overall chimerism (n) and myeloid/lymphoid cell frequencies (o) specific to healthy human Donor A. Data represent n = 5 (low dose) and n = 4 (high dose) independent xenografted mice from 1 experiment, and reproduced in 3 additional experiments. (p–s) Experimental design (p), representative FACS plots (q) and quantification (r,s) of healthy human CD45⁺CD34⁺ populations in xenograft BM following healthy human HSPC transplantation alone or together with human AML. (r) n = 34 (alone) and n = 32 (with AML) independent xenografted mice pooled from 6 experiments. (s) Data points represent group averages from n = 6 independent experiments. All FACS plots are representative of at least 5 independent experiments; blue coloring indicates healthy human cells, red indicates human AML cells, and grey indicates residual mouse BM cells. Quantification was based on patient and donor-specific HLA-A2 gating. Numbers within data points indicate AML Patient IDs. All data are means ± s.e.m. Statistical significance was assessed by Fisher’s Exact test (c), paired t-tests (e,g,l,s), unpaired t-tests (h,n,o), or Mann–Whitney U tests (k,r). Source data can be found in Supplementary Table 8.