Figure 6: Proposed model of proteinuria-induced tubulointerstitial damage.
From: Endoplasmic reticulum stress drives proteinuria-induced kidney lesions via Lipocalin 2
This study shows that by inducing Ca2+-dependent ER stress, albumin activates ATF4 expression, which in turn stimulates LCN2 production. LCN2 then leads to increased apoptosis and tubulointerstitial damage.
