Figure 4: MIDI–STEM simulations of a heterogeneous sample.

(a) The projected potential and (b) corresponding atomistic three-dimensional model. Scale bar, 2 nm. Images were generated from scanning over the area enclosed in the green box using two common STEM imaging modes, (c–e) BF-STEM and (f–h) ADF-STEM, and (i–k) MIDI–STEM. Simulations are shown for (c,f,i) infinite and (d,g,j) moderate dose. (e,h,k) Quantitative comparison between the projected potential and the measured infinite dose signal shows that MIDI–STEM is a significantly more linear measurement than traditional methods.