Figure 1: Approaches to metal-catalysed C–N cross-coupling.
From: Challenging nickel-catalysed amine arylations enabled by tailored ancillary ligand design

(a) Generic equation for Buchwald–Hartwig amination and Ullmann C–N coupling to form a (hetero)aniline. (b) Ancillary ligand design strategies for palladium and nickel, along with the new ancillary ligand L1 (PAd-DalPhos).