Table 2 Modulated properties of photochromic carbon-based nanomaterials.
Function | Composition | Modulation range | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Dipole moment | Azobenzene/CNTs | From 9 to 6 Debye | |
Spiropyran/CNTs | A change up to 24.1 Debye | ||
Azobenzene/mechanical exfoliated graphene | From 9 to 6 Debye | ||
Azobenzene—chemically rGO | A change up to 3 Debye | ||
Spiropyran/chemically rGO | From 4 to 20 Debye | ||
Current change | Dithienylethene-CNTs | Ion/Ioff ratio >105 | |
Au/Azobenzene/mechanical exfoliated graphene | Ion/Ioff ratio of ∼100 | ||
Azobenzene-graphene | Ion/Ioff ratio of >100 (pH change) | ||
Au/dihydroazulene/thermally rGO | Average Ion/Ioff ratio of ∼5–7 | ||
Charge transfer/separation | Dithienylethene-porphyrin-fullerene | Photoinduced electron transfer (25 ps) to singlet-singlet energy transfer (2.3 ps) | |
Azobenzene-fullerene-porphyrin | Photo-induced intramolecular charge separation much faster than photo-isomerization | ||
Dihydroindolizine-porphyrin-fullerene | Quantum yield of electron transfer from 82 to 27% | ||
Dithienylethene-fullerene- tetrathiafulvalene | Reduced charge-separated state lifetime (from open to closed form) | ||
Charge transport | Spiropyran/chemically rGO | Hole mobility from 2.9 to 2.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, electron mobility remains almost constant at 2.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 | |
Spiropyran/graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition | Hole and electron mobility from 508.8 to 392.4, and from 428.4 to 301.2 cm2 V−1s−1, respectively | ||
Azobenzene/mechanical exfoliated graphene | Charge carrier concentration from ∼5 × 1013 to ∼4 × 1013 cm−2 (2.8 × 1012cm−2 for the other method) | ||
Azobenzene/mechanical exfoliated graphene | Hole Concentrations from 4.3 × 1012 to 3.5 × 1012 cm−2 | ||
Magnetism | Azobenzene/graphene | 0.8 μB (E) 0.0 μB (Z) | |
Photoconductivity | Hexabenzocoronene- Dithienylethene | 4.9 × 10−3 cm2V−1 s−1 (closed form) 9.6 × 10−4 cm2V−1 s−1 (open form) | |
Fluorescence | Carbon nanodots-spiropyran | 5 times change in intensity between closed and open form | |
Carbon nanodots-spiropyran polymer | Reversible switching between blue-green and red | ||
Dispersibility | Dendritic azobenzene/CNTs | Bundling–debundling | |
Morphology | Azobenzene-fullerene | Tunable 1D, 2D, 3D nanostructures | |
Azo-polymer/mechanical exfoliated multilayer graphene | Internal pressure exceeding 1 GPa |
