Table 1 Summary of the interactions identified and validated for all viral proteins analysed.

From: The extracellular interactome of the human adenovirus family reveals diverse strategies for immunomodulation

Virus type/gene

Hit identification/technology

Hit validation/technology

Functional effect

HAdV-A18/CR1α

SLAMF5/PM, SLAMF6/PM, SLAMF7/PM, IL-22/PM

SLAMF5/SPR, FC; SLAMF6/SPR, FC; SLAMF7/SPR, FC; IL-22/SPR

Increases SLAMF5 phosphorylation and inhibits T-cell activation in a SLAMF5-dependent manner

HAdV-B55/CR1α

NH

HAdV-D28/CR1α

LILRB2/FC

LILRB2/SPR

HAdV-E4/CR1α

NH

HAdV-F41/CR1α

NH

HAdV-G52/CR1α

NH

HAdV-A18/CR1β

SLAMF4/FC

SLAMF4/SPR

HAdV-B55/CR1β

SLAMF6/PM

SLAMF6/SPR, FC

Increases SLAMF6 phosphorylation and inhibits T-cell activation

HAdV-E4/CR1β

LILRB1/FC

LILRB1/SPR

Increases LILRB1 phosphorylation and inhibits NK cytotoxicity

HAdV-F41/CR1β

SLAMF4/PM; TIM3/PM; LAIR-1/PM; LILRB2/FC

SLAMF4/SPR, FC; TIM3/SPR; LAIR-1/SPR; LILRB2/SPR, FC

HAdV-G52/CR1β

NH

HAdV-B1/CR1γ

SLAMF1/SPR; SLAMF3/SPR; SLAMF4/SPR; SLAMF7/SPR; SLAMF8/SPR

HAdV-D30/CR1γ

NH

HAdV-E4/CR1δ

NH

HAdV-D9/CR1β

CD45/PM

CD45/SPR, FC

HAdV-D19a/CR1β

CD45/PM; ISLR2/PM

CD45/SPR, FC; ISLR2/SPR, FC

HAdV-D23/CR1β

CD45/PM

CD45/SPR, FC

HAdV-D24/CR1β

CD45/PM; LILRB2/FC

CD45/SPR, FC; LILRB2/SPR

HAdV-D28/CR1β

CD45/PM; PUNC/PM; CST3/PM; NELL2/PM; LILRB1/FC

CD45/SPR, FC; PUNC/SPR, FC; CST3/SPR; NELL2/SPR; LILRB1/SPR

HAdV-D30/CR1β

CD45/PM; SLAMF3/PM; MPZL1/PM; IL-11/PM; DEFA3/PM; LILRB1/FC

CD45/SPR, FC; SLAMF3/SPR, FC; MPZL1/SPR, FC; IL-11/SPR; DEFA3/SPR; LILRB1/SPR

Increases SLAMF3 phosphorylation. Impairs SLAMF3-mediated cell adhesion. Increases MPZL1 activation and inhibits cell adhesion. Inhibits T-cell activation

HAdV-D37/CR1β

CD45/PM; ISLR2/PM; LILRB2/FC

CD45/SPR, FC; ISLR2/SPR, FC; LILRB2/SPR

HAdV-D39/CR1β

CD45/PM, LILRB1/PM

CD45/SPR, FC; LILRB1/SPR, FC

HAdV-D43/CR1β

CD45/PM; EPHA3/PM; EPHA6/PM; LILRB1/FC

CD45/SPR, FC; EPHA3/SPR, IF; EPHA6/SPR; LILRB1/SPR

Modulates EPHA3/ephrin-A5 effect on cell adhesion

HAdV-D47/CR1β

CD45/PM; CD300A/PM; CD300C/PM

CD45/SPR, FC; CD300A/SPR, FC; CD300C/SPR, FC

HAdV-D51/CR1β

CD45/PM, LILRB1/PM

CD45/SPR, FC; LILRB1/SPR, FC

HAdV-D53/CR1β

CD45/PM

CD45/SPR, FC

Inhibits NK cytotoxicity and T-cell activation

HAdV-D58/CR1β

CD45/PM

CD45/SPR, FC

  1. FC, flow cytometry; HAdV, Human adenovirus; IF, immunofluorescence; NH, no hits identified; PM, protein microarray; SPR, surface plasmon resonance.A total of 27 HAdV E3 proteins encoded by six viral species were included in this study. 51 novel host interacting partners were identified for 20 HAdV proteins corresponding to five viral species. The technology utilized for hit identification and further experimental validation are indicated. The functional effect observed for the viral proteins studied is also summarized.